🎒ACT Science

Key Concepts and Theories

• Understand the basic structure of an atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Protons have a positive charge and are located in the nucleus
  • Neutrons have no charge and are also located in the nucleus
  • Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus in shells
• Differentiate between the types of chemical bonds such as ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
• Recognize the differences between acids and bases in terms of their pH values (acids have a pH below 7, while bases have a pH above 7)
• Comprehend the concept of energy conservation states energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another
• Grasp the fundamentals of Newton's laws of motion
  • First law (law of inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
  • Second law (F = ma): The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied
  • Third law (action-reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
• Understand the process of photosynthesis in plants converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
• Recognize the role of DNA as the genetic material responsible for storing and transmitting hereditary information

Scientific Method and Research Design

• Familiarize yourself with the steps of the scientific method: observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion
• Understand the importance of forming a testable hypothesis predicts the outcome of an experiment based on prior knowledge and observations
• Recognize the difference between independent variables (manipulated by the researcher) and dependent variables (measured or observed)
• Identify the role of a control group serves as a baseline for comparison and helps isolate the effect of the independent variable
• Understand the concept of randomization in experimental design minimizes bias and ensures a representative sample
• Appreciate the importance of replication in scientific studies increases reliability and allows for statistical analysis
• Recognize the limitations of correlational studies cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships, only associations between variables

Data Analysis and Interpretation

• Understand the difference between qualitative data (descriptive, non-numerical) and quantitative data (numerical, measurable)
• Recognize the importance of using appropriate graphs and charts to visually represent data (bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts)
• Interpret the meaning of measures of central tendency such as mean, median, and mode
  • Mean: The average value of a dataset, calculated by summing all values and dividing by the number of data points
  • Median: The middle value in a dataset when arranged in ascending or descending order
  • Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset
• Understand the concept of standard deviation measures the spread or dispersion of data points from the mean
• Identify outliers in a dataset and understand their potential impact on data analysis
• Recognize the difference between correlation (relationship between variables) and causation (one variable directly affecting another)
• Interpret the slope and y-intercept of a linear regression line in the context of the data

Lab Techniques and Equipment

• Familiarize yourself with common lab equipment such as beakers, graduated cylinders, pipettes, and microscopes
• Understand the proper use and maintenance of a microscope, including focusing techniques and slide preparation
• Recognize the importance of using appropriate units of measurement (metric system) and significant figures in data collection and reporting
• Demonstrate proficiency in basic lab techniques such as titration, filtration, and chromatography
  • Titration: A technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a known solution
  • Filtration: A method for separating solid particles from a liquid using a filter paper or membrane
  • Chromatography: A technique for separating mixtures based on the differential movement of components through a stationary phase
• Understand the concept of spectrophotometry measures the absorbance or transmittance of light by a sample at specific wavelengths
• Identify the role of a centrifuge in separating substances based on their density by rapid rotation
• Recognize the importance of proper safety protocols in the lab, including wearing personal protective equipment (goggles, gloves, lab coats)

Real-World Applications

• Understand the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture (genetically modified crops) and medicine (gene therapy)
• Recognize the importance of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power in reducing dependence on fossil fuels
• Identify the role of nanotechnology in developing new materials and devices at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers)
• Appreciate the contributions of biotechnology in producing pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and biofuels
• Understand the applications of chemistry in everyday life, such as in the production of plastics, detergents, and cosmetics
• Recognize the importance of environmental science in addressing issues such as climate change, pollution, and conservation
• Identify the role of forensic science in applying scientific principles to criminal investigations (DNA analysis, fingerprinting)

Common Misconceptions

• Understand that not all scientific studies are equally reliable; it is important to evaluate the methodology, sample size, and potential biases
• Recognize that correlation does not imply causation; just because two variables are related does not mean one causes the other
• Dispel the myth that vaccines cause autism; numerous studies have shown no link between vaccines and autism spectrum disorders
• Clarify the difference between weather (short-term atmospheric conditions) and climate (long-term patterns of weather in a specific area)
• Understand that evolution is not a linear process with a predetermined goal; it is a result of natural selection acting on random genetic variations
• Recognize that the term "theory" in science does not mean a guess or hypothesis; a scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on facts, laws, and tested hypotheses
• Dispel the misconception that humans only use 10% of their brains; in reality, different parts of the brain are active during various tasks and processes

Study Tips and Exam Prep

• Create a study schedule and stick to it, allocating sufficient time for each subject or topic
• Use active recall techniques such as flashcards, practice tests, and teaching others to reinforce your understanding of key concepts
• Focus on understanding the underlying principles and concepts rather than just memorizing facts and formulas
• Practice solving a variety of problems and questions, including those from previous ACT exams
• Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and allocate more study time to areas that need improvement
• Collaborate with classmates or form study groups to discuss concepts, share ideas, and test each other's knowledge
• Take care of your physical and mental well-being by getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and managing stress through exercise and relaxation techniques

Further Reading and Resources

• Refer to textbooks, course materials, and lecture notes as primary sources of information
• Explore online educational resources such as Khan Academy, Crash Course, and OpenStax for additional explanations and practice problems
• Utilize the official ACT website for study guides, practice tests, and tips specific to the ACT Science section
• Read popular science magazines and websites such as Scientific American, National Geographic, and Science Daily to stay updated on current research and discoveries
• Watch educational videos on YouTube channels such as SciShow, Veritasium, and MinuteEarth for engaging and informative content
• Attend study sessions, workshops, or tutoring services offered by your school or local organizations for personalized guidance and support
• Consult with your teacher, tutor, or academic advisor for specific recommendations based on your individual needs and goals