Supercritical fluids exist above critical and , blurring the line between gas and liquid. They combine liquid-like with gas-like , enabling efficient extraction of target compounds from various materials.
Supercritical fluid extraction uses these unique properties to selectively extract desired compounds. By adjusting temperature and pressure, the process can be fine-tuned for specific applications, from decaffeinating coffee to purifying pharmaceuticals.
Supercritical Fluids and Extraction
Properties of supercritical fluids
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Exist above critical temperature and pressure where distinction between gas and liquid phases disappears
Density similar to liquids enables high solvating power to dissolve target compounds
Viscosity similar to gases allows for better and penetration into porous materials (coffee beans, plant matrices)
intermediate between gases and liquids enhances mass transfer rates for faster extraction
Tunable properties by adjusting temperature and pressure enable selective extraction of desired compounds (caffeine, essential oils)
Principles of supercritical fluid extraction
Separation process using supercritical fluids as solvents to extract target compounds from a matrix
Solubility of target compounds depends on fluid density controlled by temperature and pressure
Selective extraction achieved by manipulating solvent properties through changes in temperature and pressure
Dissolution of target compounds in supercritical fluid based on their solubility
Diffusion of dissolved compounds through supercritical fluid from matrix to bulk fluid
Convection carries extracted compounds away from matrix by bulk fluid motion
Decompression separates extracted compounds from supercritical fluid by reducing pressure or temperature
Design of extraction processes
Select appropriate supercritical fluid (CO2, ethane, water) based on target compounds and matrix
Determine optimal operating conditions (temperature, pressure, ) through experiments or modeling
Choose suitable extraction vessel and equipment based on scale and process requirements
Optimize extraction time and cycle to maximize and efficiency
Factors affecting performance: solubility of target compounds, mass transfer rates, matrix properties (particle size, porosity), co-solvents or modifiers
Advantages: high and purity, minimal thermal degradation, environmentally friendly solvents (CO2), easy separation by decompression, potential for continuous operation
Limitations: high initial capital costs, complexity in design and optimization, limited applicability for polar or high molecular weight compounds, safety concerns with high-pressure