📊Advanced Financial Accounting Unit 6 – Leases and Off-Balance Sheet Financing

What's the Deal with Leases?

• Leases allow companies to use assets without purchasing them outright
• Provide flexibility and can be more cost-effective than buying assets
• Leases are contractual agreements between lessors (owners) and lessees (users)
• Lease payments are made over a specified period in exchange for the right to use the asset
• Leases can be for various assets such as real estate, equipment, and vehicles
• Accounting for leases depends on the type of lease and the perspective (lessee or lessor)
• Leases can have a significant impact on a company's financial statements

Types of Leases: Operating vs. Finance

• Two main types of leases: operating leases and finance leases (also known as capital leases)
• Operating leases:
  • Short-term agreements where the lessee uses the asset for a portion of its useful life
  • Lease payments are treated as operating expenses on the income statement
  • Leased asset and lease liability are not recorded on the balance sheet (off-balance sheet)
• Finance leases:
  • Long-term agreements where the lessee essentially owns the asset
  • Lease payments are split into interest expense and principal reduction
  • Leased asset and lease liability are recorded on the balance sheet
• Classification criteria for finance leases include transfer of ownership, bargain purchase option, lease term, and present value of lease payments

Lessee Accounting: On the Books

• Lessees must determine the classification of the lease (operating or finance)
• For finance leases, lessees record:
  • Right-of-use (ROU) asset representing the lessee's right to use the leased asset
  • Lease liability representing the present value of future lease payments
• Lease payments are allocated between interest expense and principal reduction
• ROU asset is depreciated over the lease term or the asset's useful life, whichever is shorter
• For operating leases under ASC 842, lessees now record:
  • ROU asset and lease liability on the balance sheet
  • Lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term

Lessor Accounting: The Other Side

• Lessors classify leases as operating, direct financing, or sales-type leases
• Operating leases:
  • Lessor retains ownership and records the leased asset on their balance sheet
  • Lease income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term
• Direct financing leases:
  • Lessor records a lease receivable and a residual asset
  • Lease income is recognized as interest income over the lease term
• Sales-type leases:
  • Similar to direct financing leases, but with a profit or loss recognized at lease commencement
  • Lessor records a lease receivable, residual asset, and any selling profit or loss

Sale-Leaseback Transactions: Selling and Renting Back

• In a sale-leaseback transaction, a company sells an asset and then leases it back from the buyer
• Allows companies to raise capital while maintaining the use of the asset
• Accounting treatment depends on whether the sale meets the criteria for revenue recognition
• If the sale qualifies, the seller-lessee:
  • Derecognizes the asset and recognizes any gain or loss on the sale
  • Accounts for the leaseback as either an operating or finance lease
• If the sale does not qualify, the transaction is treated as a financing arrangement

Off-Balance Sheet Financing: Hidden Debts

• Off-balance sheet financing refers to obligations that are not recorded on a company's balance sheet
• Examples include operating leases (prior to ASC 842), special purpose entities, and certain joint ventures
• Can make a company appear less leveraged and more financially stable than it actually is
• Investors and analysts often adjust financial statements to account for off-balance sheet obligations
• Enron scandal highlighted the risks of excessive off-balance sheet financing
• New accounting standards (e.g., ASC 842) aim to increase transparency by bringing more leases onto the balance sheet

Financial Statement Impact: Numbers Don't Lie

• Leases can significantly impact a company's financial statements
• Balance sheet:
  • Finance leases result in higher assets and liabilities compared to operating leases
  • ASC 842 brings most operating leases onto the balance sheet, increasing reported assets and liabilities
• Income statement:
  • Finance leases result in higher interest expense and depreciation, while operating leases have a single lease expense
  • Timing of expenses differs between finance and operating leases
• Cash flow statement:
  • Finance lease payments are split between operating (interest) and financing (principal) cash flows
  • Operating lease payments are entirely operating cash flows
• Ratios such as debt-to-equity, return on assets, and interest coverage can be affected by lease accounting

Recent Changes: ASC 842 Shakes Things Up

• ASC 842 is the new lease accounting standard issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
• Effective for public companies in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018
• Key changes:
  • Requires lessees to recognize most operating leases on the balance sheet
  • Introduces new lease classification criteria and accounting models for lessors
  • Provides additional disclosure requirements for both lessees and lessors
• Aims to increase transparency and comparability of financial statements
• Implementation can be complex and may require significant effort from companies
• Impacts key financial ratios and may affect debt covenants and other agreements
• Companies need to assess the impact, update accounting policies, and modify systems and processes to comply with ASC 842