📊Advanced Financial Accounting Unit 7 – Pensions & Post-Employment Benefits

What's the Deal with Pensions?

• Pensions provide employees with retirement income after they leave a company
• Employers offer pensions as a form of deferred compensation to attract and retain employees
• Pension benefits are typically based on factors such as years of service and salary level
• Companies make contributions to a pension fund during an employee's working years
• Pension funds are invested to grow over time and provide benefits to retirees
• Pension accounting involves estimating future obligations and ensuring sufficient assets are available to meet those obligations
• Pensions can be a significant liability for companies, requiring careful management and accounting

Types of Pension Plans

• Defined benefit plans
  • Employer promises a specific benefit amount to employees upon retirement
  • Benefit is usually based on a formula considering years of service and salary
  • Employer bears the investment risk and must ensure sufficient funds are available to pay benefits
• Defined contribution plans (401(k) plans)
  • Employer contributes a fixed amount or percentage of an employee's salary to an individual account
  • Employees often make additional contributions to their accounts
  • Retirement benefits depend on the performance of the invested funds
  • Investment risk is borne by the employee, not the employer
• Cash balance plans combine features of defined benefit and defined contribution plans
  • Employer credits a percentage of an employee's salary to a hypothetical account each year
  • Account balance grows with an interest credit rate set by the employer
  • Employees can typically take their account balance as a lump sum upon retirement or termination

Key Players in Pension Accounting

• Plan sponsor is the employer offering the pension plan to its employees
• Plan participants are the employees who are eligible for or currently receiving pension benefits
• Actuaries estimate future pension obligations using demographic and financial assumptions
• Investment managers oversee the investment of pension plan assets to ensure sufficient funds are available to pay benefits
• Trustees are responsible for managing the pension plan and ensuring it operates in accordance with legal and fiduciary requirements
• Regulators, such as the IRS and Department of Labor, oversee pension plans to protect participant interests
• Auditors review pension plan financial statements and ensure proper accounting and reporting

Measuring Pension Obligations

• Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) is the present value of future benefits earned by employees as of a specific date
  • PBO considers future salary increases and service years
  • Calculated using actuarial assumptions about mortality, retirement age, and salary growth
• Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) is the present value of benefits earned by employees based on current salaries
  • ABO does not consider future salary increases
  • Represents the obligation if the plan were to terminate immediately
• Vested Benefit Obligation (VBO) is the portion of the PBO or ABO that employees are entitled to if they leave the company
• Service cost is the increase in the PBO due to an additional year of employee service
• Interest cost is the increase in the PBO due to the passage of time, as the obligation is one year closer to payment

Pension Assets and Funding

• Pension assets are the investments held by the pension fund to pay future benefits
• Contributions from the employer and employees are invested in a diversified portfolio
• Common pension fund investments include stocks, bonds, real estate, and other securities
• Actual return on plan assets is the realized and unrealized gains or losses on the invested assets
• Expected return on plan assets is an assumption used in pension accounting to estimate investment growth
• Funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the PBO
  • An overfunded plan has assets exceeding the PBO
  • An underfunded plan has a PBO that exceeds the assets
• Funding requirements are set by law and regulations to ensure plans have sufficient assets to meet obligations

Accounting for Pension Costs

• Net periodic pension cost (NPPC) is the annual expense recognized by the employer for the pension plan
• NPPC components:
  • Service cost: increase in PBO due to an additional year of employee service
  • Interest cost: increase in PBO due to the passage of time
  • Expected return on plan assets: anticipated investment income on pension assets
  • Amortization of prior service cost: recognition of changes in the PBO due to plan amendments
  • Amortization of gains and losses: recognition of differences between actual and expected experience
• Employers record the NPPC as an expense on the income statement
• Differences between actual and expected experience result in gains or losses
  • Actuarial gains and losses arise from changes in assumptions or demographic experience
  • Investment gains and losses result from differences between actual and expected returns on plan assets
• Gains and losses are initially recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and amortized into the NPPC over time

Financial Statement Impacts

• Pension obligations are reported as liabilities on the balance sheet
  • Projected Benefit Obligation (PBO) is the primary liability measure
  • Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) may be disclosed in the footnotes
• Pension assets are reported separately from other company assets on the balance sheet
• Funded status (difference between assets and PBO) is recognized on the balance sheet
  • Overfunded plans result in a net pension asset
  • Underfunded plans result in a net pension liability
• Net periodic pension cost (NPPC) is reported as an expense on the income statement
• Changes in the funded status not yet recognized in the NPPC are recorded in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI)
• Comprehensive disclosures about pension plans are required in the footnotes to the financial statements
  • Disclosures include assumptions, plan assets, benefit obligations, and funding status

Other Post-Employment Benefits (OPEB)

• OPEB are benefits other than pensions provided to employees after retirement
• Common OPEB include retiree healthcare, life insurance, and dental benefits
• Accounting for OPEB is similar to pensions, with some key differences
  • OPEB are typically unfunded, meaning no separate assets are set aside to pay benefits
  • Employers usually pay OPEB on a pay-as-you-go basis, funding benefits as they are incurred
• Accumulated Postretirement Benefit Obligation (APBO) is the liability measure for OPEB
  • APBO represents the present value of future OPEB based on employee service to date
• Net periodic postretirement benefit cost (NPPBC) is the annual expense recognized for OPEB
  • NPPBC includes service cost, interest cost, and amortization of gains and losses
• OPEB liabilities and expenses are reported similarly to pensions on the financial statements
• Footnote disclosures are required to provide information about OPEB plans and obligations