The is a game-changer in wastewater treatment. It converts ammonium to using , all without oxygen. This anaerobic method involves unique bacteria and specialized biochemical reactions, making it more efficient than traditional -denitrification.
Anammox bacteria are slow-growing and oxygen-sensitive, thriving in specific conditions. They require anoxic environments, optimal temperatures, and pH levels. Compared to conventional processes, Anammox needs less space and resources, producing less sludge and cutting operational costs.
Anammox Process Principles
Biochemical reactions of Anammox
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Top images from around the web for Biochemical reactions of Anammox
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Frontiers | The Nitrate Assimilatory Pathway in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Contribution to NO ... View original
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Anammox converts NH4+ directly to N2 using NO2− as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions
Overall reaction: NH4++NO2−→N2+2H2O
Three main reactions involved:
Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide (NO) catalyzed by nitrite reductase enzyme
NO2−+2H++e−→NO+H2O
Hydrazine (N2H4) synthesis from NO and NH4+ catalyzed by hydrazine synthase enzyme
NO+NH4++2H++3e−→N2H4+H2O
Hydrazine oxidation to N2 catalyzed by hydrazine dehydrogenase enzyme
N2H4→N2+4H++4e−
Electrons released during hydrazine oxidation used for cell carbon fixation and nitrite reduction
Anammox process occurs in a specialized organelle called the anammoxosome
Microbial species in Anammox
Anammox bacteria belong to the phylum and the order ""
Five genera identified: "", "", "", "", and ""
Unique characteristics of Anammox bacteria:
Slow growth rate with doubling time of 10-14 days
Optimal growth temperature between 30-40℃
Sensitive to oxygen and require (O2 < 0.1 mg/L)
Possess anammoxosome organelle where Anammox reactions occur
Contain ladderane lipids in cell membrane to maintain proton gradient for energy production
Anammox Process Conditions and Comparison
Environmental conditions for Anammox
Anoxic conditions with dissolved oxygen concentration < 0.1 mg/L
Temperature range: 30-40℃, optimum around 35℃
pH range: 6.7-8.3, optimum around 8.0
Sufficient NH4+ and NO2− concentrations
Ideal NO2−:NH4+ ratio of 1.32:1 based on Anammox reaction stoichiometry
Low organic carbon content to prevent growth of competing heterotrophic denitrifiers
Adequate retention of Anammox biomass due to slow growth rate
Use of biofilm, granular, or carrier-based systems to retain biomass
Anammox vs conventional processes
Conventional nitrification-denitrification:
Two-step process: aerobic nitrification followed by anoxic denitrification
Requires O2 for nitrification and organic carbon for denitrification
Produces NO3− as an intermediate
Higher sludge production due to growth of nitrifiers and heterotrophic denitrifiers
Anammox process:
One-step process: directly converts NH4+ to N2 using NO2−
Operates under anoxic conditions without need for O2 or organic carbon
No NO3− production
Lower sludge production due to slow growth rate of Anammox bacteria
Requires smaller footprint and has lower operational costs compared to conventional processes