The digestive system is a complex network of organs and processes that break down food into nutrients. Regulation of these processes involves the and various hormones, working together to ensure efficient digestion and .
From the triggered by the sight of food to the when chyme enters the duodenum, each step is carefully controlled. Hormones like and stimulate or inhibit digestive processes, while the enteric nervous system coordinates local responses.
Regulation of Digestive Processes by the Enteric Nervous System
Structure and Function of the Enteric Nervous System
Top images from around the web for Structure and Function of the Enteric Nervous System
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System – Douglas College Human Anatomy and ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System | Biology for Majors II View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System of the Digestive System | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology View original
Is this image relevant?
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System – Douglas College Human Anatomy and ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System | Biology for Majors II View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
Top images from around the web for Structure and Function of the Enteric Nervous System
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System – Douglas College Human Anatomy and ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System | Biology for Majors II View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System of the Digestive System | Boundless Anatomy and Physiology View original
Is this image relevant?
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System – Douglas College Human Anatomy and ... View original
Is this image relevant?
Nervous System | Biology for Majors II View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 3
The enteric nervous system consists of the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus, which are networks of neurons embedded in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract
The enteric nervous system can function independently of the central nervous system, allowing for local control and coordination of digestive processes
Communicates with the central nervous system through the and the , allowing for higher-level control and modulation of digestive functions (parasympathetic and sympathetic input)
Sensory and Motor Neurons in the Enteric Nervous System
Sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system detect mechanical and chemical stimuli within the gastrointestinal tract
Respond to stretch (distension of the gut wall), pH changes, and nutrient presence (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids)
Motor neurons in the enteric nervous system control the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract
Regulate (coordinated wave-like contractions) and (mixing contractions)
Secretomotor neurons in the enteric nervous system stimulate the release of digestive enzymes (, pancreatic enzymes) and mucus from glands in the gastrointestinal tract
Interneurons within the enteric nervous system integrate sensory information and coordinate the activity of motor and secretomotor neurons
Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Digestive Processes
Hormones Stimulating Digestive Processes
Gastrin is released by G cells in the stomach in response to the presence of food
Stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and promotes gastric motility (churning and emptying)
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by I cells in the duodenum in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids
Stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes (, , ) and bile from the
is released by S cells in the duodenum in response to acidic chyme
Stimulates the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize the acid
Hormones Inhibiting Digestive Processes
(GIP) is secreted by K cells in the duodenum in response to glucose and fat
Inhibits gastric acid secretion and motility while stimulating insulin release from the
is released by D cells in the pancreas and intestine
Inhibits the release of other digestive hormones (gastrin, CCK, secretin) and reduces gastrointestinal motility and secretion
Hormones Regulating Gastrointestinal Motility
is released by M cells in the duodenum and jejunum during the fasting state
Stimulates the migrating motor complex (MMC) to clear the digestive tract of remaining contents between meals
Phases of Digestive Regulation
Cephalic Phase
Initiated by the sight, smell, or thought of food, triggering a parasympathetic response through the vagus nerve
Vagus nerve stimulates the release of gastric juices (hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen) and increases gastric motility in preparation for food intake
Salivation is increased during the cephalic phase, facilitating the initial digestion of food in the mouth (amylase breaks down starch)
Gastric Phase
Begins when food enters the stomach, triggering local reflexes and the release of gastrin
Gastrin stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach, creating an acidic environment for protein digestion
Mechanical stretching of the stomach wall stimulates the release of gastrin and promotes gastric motility (churning and mixing)
Intestinal Phase
Initiated when chyme enters the duodenum, triggering the release of intestinal hormones and stimulating local reflexes
The presence of fatty acids, amino acids, and acidic chyme in the duodenum stimulates the release of CCK, secretin, and GIP
These hormones regulate the release of pancreatic enzymes, bicarbonate, and bile, as well as modulate gastric emptying and intestinal motility
Local reflexes, such as the , inhibit gastric emptying when the duodenum is distended or contains high concentrations of nutrients (prevents overloading the small intestine)