The uses chemical signals to regulate bodily functions. , released by glands, travel through the bloodstream to target specific cells. This system works alongside the to maintain and control long-term processes like growth and metabolism.
Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. Each gland produces unique hormones that affect different parts of the body. Understanding how these glands work together helps explain how the body maintains balance and responds to changes.
Endocrine System Overview
Electrical vs chemical signaling
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Nervous system signaling
Utilizes electrical signaling for rapid communication
Action potentials propagate along neurons enabling swift transmission of signals
Neurotransmitters are released at synapses facilitating chemical signaling between neurons (acetylcholine, dopamine)
Signals are typically short-lived and localized to specific neural pathways
signaling
Employs chemical signaling via hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects
Hormones are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands (, )
Hormones travel throughout the body to expressing specific receptors
Signals can have widespread, long-lasting effects on multiple organ systems (growth, metabolism, reproduction)
Major endocrine glands and locations
Hypothalamus
Situated in the brain, inferior to the thalamus
Produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior (TRH, , )
Positioned inferior to the hypothalamus, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Anterior pituitary produces hormones that regulate growth (), metabolism (TSH, ), and reproduction (FSH, )
Posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus (ADH, )
Found in the neck, inferior to the larynx
Produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism (, ) and growth
Four small glands located posterior to
Produce ###parathyroid_hormone_()_0###, which regulates
Situated superior to the kidneys
Adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids (cortisol), (aldosterone), and ()
produces ( and ) involved in the stress response
Pancreas
Located in the abdominal cavity, posterior to the stomach
Endocrine portion () produces insulin and to regulate blood glucose levels
Gonads
in females, located in the pelvic cavity
Produce and involved in female reproductive function
in males, located in the scrotum
Produce androgens, primarily , essential for male reproductive function and development
Types of cell signaling
Hormones are released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenals, pancreas)
Hormones travel throughout the body to target cells expressing specific receptors
Signaling can have widespread, long-lasting effects on multiple organ systems (growth, metabolism, reproduction)
Signaling molecules are released by a cell and bind to receptors on the same cell
Allows a cell to regulate its own activity and function
Examples include immune cells (cytokines) and cancer cells (growth factors)
Signaling molecules are released by a cell and diffuse locally to target cells in close proximity
Enables local regulation of cellular activity within a tissue or organ
Examples include neurotransmitters (acetylcholine), growth factors (VEGF), and inflammatory mediators (histamine)
Endocrine System Regulation and Disorders
Homeostasis
The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining internal balance
Hormones help regulate various physiological processes to maintain stability
Feedback mechanisms
Negative feedback: The most common regulatory mechanism in the endocrine system
Helps maintain levels within a normal range by inhibiting further hormone production
: Less common, but important in certain processes
Amplifies hormone production to achieve a specific physiological outcome
Cellular response to hormones
Target cells: Specific cells that respond to particular hormones due to the presence of hormone receptors
: Intracellular molecules that relay and amplify hormone signals within target cells
Result from hormonal imbalances or dysfunctional endocrine glands
Can affect various body systems and lead to a wide range of symptoms