🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿Anglo-Saxon England Unit 1 – Introduction to Anglo–Saxon England

Historical Context and Timeline

• Anglo-Saxon period in England lasted from the 5th to 11th centuries AD following the withdrawal of Roman authority
• Began with the arrival of Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) from continental Europe
  • Angles originated from the Angeln peninsula in modern-day northern Germany
  • Saxons came from the area of modern-day northern Germany and the Netherlands
  • Jutes hailed from the Jutland peninsula in modern-day Denmark
• Gradual conquest and settlement of England by these tribes led to the formation of several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
• Viking raids and invasions from the 8th century onward significantly impacted Anglo-Saxon England
  • Danish Vikings established the Danelaw, a region under Danish law and control
• Period ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066 following the Battle of Hastings
• Key events include the Synod of Whitby (664), Viking raid on Lindisfarne (793), and the reign of Alfred the Great (871-899)

Key Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms

• Northumbria, located in northern England, was a prominent kingdom known for its cultural and intellectual achievements
  • Northumbrian Renaissance in the 7th and 8th centuries saw flourishing of art, literature, and learning
• Mercia, situated in the Midlands, emerged as a dominant power in the 8th century under King Offa
  • Offa's Dyke, a massive defensive earthwork, was constructed along the Welsh border during Offa's reign
• Wessex, in southern England, became the most powerful kingdom under Alfred the Great and his successors
  • Alfred successfully defended Wessex against Viking invasions and laid the foundation for the unification of England
• East Anglia, Kent, and Essex were other significant kingdoms during the early Anglo-Saxon period
• Gradual consolidation of kingdoms led to the emergence of a unified English state by the 10th century

Social Structure and Governance

• Anglo-Saxon society was hierarchical, with the king at the top, followed by the nobility, freemen, and slaves
  • Nobility consisted of ealdormen (high-ranking officials) and thegns (land-owning warriors)
  • Freemen, known as ceorls, were farmers and craftsmen with legal rights and obligations
  • Slaves, often captured in battles or raids, had no legal rights and were considered property
• Kingship was based on a combination of heredity and military prowess
  • Kings were expected to lead their armies in battle and protect their people
• Witan, a council of nobles and clergy, advised the king and participated in decision-making
  • Witenagemot, a larger assembly of the Witan, played a role in the selection of kings and the resolution of disputes
• Local governance was administered through the shire and hundred systems
  • Shires were larger administrative divisions, each with a shire-reeve (sheriff) appointed by the king
  • Hundreds were smaller units within shires, responsible for local justice and military organization

Language and Literature

• Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, was the language spoken and written during this period
  • Heavily influenced by Germanic languages due to the origins of the Anglo-Saxons
  • Significant impact on the development of Modern English
• Old English literature encompassed various genres, including epic poetry, riddles, and religious works
  • Beowulf, an epic poem featuring a hero battling monsters, is the most famous example of Old English literature
  • Caedmon's Hymn, considered the oldest surviving English poem, is a religious work praising the creation of the world
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a collection of annals, provides valuable historical information about the period
  • Maintained by monks and covered events from the Roman conquest to the 12th century
• Venerable Bede, an 8th-century monk, wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People
  • Comprehensive account of the Christianization of England and the early history of the Anglo-Saxon church

Religion and Culture

• Pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon of gods and goddesses
  • Deities such as Woden (Odin), Thunor (Thor), and Tiw (Tyr) were worshipped
  • Pagan beliefs and practices, such as the veneration of sacred groves and springs, were common
• Christianity gradually spread throughout Anglo-Saxon England from the 6th century onward
  • Missionaries, such as St. Augustine and St. Columba, played a crucial role in the conversion process
  • Synod of Whitby (664) established Roman Catholic practices as the norm in the English church
• Monasteries became important centers of learning, art, and culture
  • Scriptoria in monasteries produced illuminated manuscripts, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Book of Kells
• Pagan and Christian elements often blended in Anglo-Saxon art and literature
  • Examples include the Franks Casket, which depicts both Christian and pagan scenes, and the poem Dream of the Rood, which presents the crucifixion from the perspective of the cross

Material Culture and Archaeology

• Archaeological evidence provides insights into Anglo-Saxon daily life, craftsmanship, and burial practices
  • Settlement sites, such as West Stow in Suffolk, reveal the layout and construction of Anglo-Saxon villages
  • Excavations of cemeteries, like Sutton Hoo in East Anglia, have uncovered rich grave goods and elaborate ship burials
• Metalwork, particularly jewelry and weapons, demonstrates the skill and artistry of Anglo-Saxon craftsmen
  • Techniques such as cloisonné and interlace patterns were used to decorate high-status objects
  • Examples include the Staffordshire Hoard, a collection of gold and silver items, and the Fuller Brooch, an intricate silver brooch with zoomorphic designs
• Illuminated manuscripts showcase the artistic achievements of the Anglo-Saxons
  • Characterized by vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and elaborate initials and borders
  • Manuscripts such as the Codex Aureus and the Benedictional of St. Æthelwold demonstrate the fusion of Celtic, Germanic, and Mediterranean influences

Legacy and Impact on Modern England

• English language owes much of its vocabulary and grammar to Old English
  • Many common words, such as "bread," "house," and "friend," have Anglo-Saxon roots
• Place names throughout England often reflect Anglo-Saxon origins
  • Suffixes such as -ham (village), -ton (town), and -bury (fortified place) are common in English place names
• Legal and governmental institutions have roots in Anglo-Saxon practices
  • Concept of common law, which relies on precedent and custom, has its origins in Anglo-Saxon legal traditions
  • Shire and county systems of local government are derived from Anglo-Saxon administrative divisions
• Anglo-Saxon art and literature have had a lasting impact on English cultural heritage
  • Works like Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle continue to be studied and admired
  • Revival of interest in Anglo-Saxon history and culture during the Victorian era influenced art, architecture, and literature

Key Figures and Events

• Æthelberht of Kent (c. 560-616) - First English king to convert to Christianity; issued the earliest surviving Anglo-Saxon law code
• Bede (c. 672-735) - Monk and scholar; wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People
• Offa of Mercia (r. 757-796) - Powerful king who established Mercia as the dominant kingdom; built Offa's Dyke along the Welsh border
• Alfred the Great (849-899) - King of Wessex; successfully defended against Viking invasions; promoted learning and literacy
  • Translated Latin works into Old English and commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
• Æthelstan (c. 894-939) - First king to rule over a unified England; defeated a coalition of Vikings, Scots, and Welsh at the Battle of Brunanburh (937)
• Cnut the Great (c. 995-1035) - Danish king who ruled England, Denmark, and Norway; known for his piety and pilgrimage to Rome
• Edward the Confessor (c. 1003-1066) - Last Anglo-Saxon king of England; known for his religious devotion and Westminster Abbey construction
• Battle of Hastings (1066) - Decisive battle that marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule and the beginning of Norman England under William the Conqueror