🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿Anglo-Saxon England Unit 2 – Roman Britain's End & Anglo-Saxon Arrival

Key Events and Timeline

• Roman rule in Britain began in 43 CE with the invasion under Emperor Claudius and lasted until the early 5th century
• In 410 CE, the Roman Emperor Honorius told the Britons to arrange for their own defense, effectively ending direct Roman rule
• The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain occurred primarily during the 5th and 6th centuries
  • The traditional date for the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons is 449 CE, based on the account of Gildas, a 6th-century British monk
• The Battle of Badon, fought sometime between 490 and 517 CE, was a significant victory for the Britons against the Anglo-Saxons
• By the end of the 6th century, several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had emerged, including Kent, Wessex, and Mercia
• The Venerable Bede, an 8th-century monk, wrote the "Ecclesiastical History of the English People," which provides a key historical account of the Anglo-Saxon settlement

Roman Withdrawal and Power Vacuum

• The Roman Empire faced numerous challenges in the 4th and 5th centuries, including internal instability, economic decline, and external threats
• The withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain left the island vulnerable to raids and invasions from the Picts, Scots, and Anglo-Saxons
• The Roman administrative structure in Britain collapsed, leaving a power vacuum that local British rulers struggled to fill
• The loss of Roman trade networks and the decline of urban centers contributed to economic and social instability
• The Romano-British elite attempted to maintain their power and lifestyle, but faced increasing challenges from both internal and external threats
  • Some Romano-British leaders, such as Vortigern, are said to have invited Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to help defend against the Picts and Scots

Anglo-Saxon Migration: Causes and Patterns

• The Anglo-Saxons were Germanic peoples from northern Europe, primarily the regions of modern-day Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands
• Factors that contributed to the Anglo-Saxon migration included population pressure, climate change, and the opportunity for wealth and land in Britain
• The Anglo-Saxons arrived in Britain as both raiders and settlers, with some groups being invited as mercenaries by British rulers
• The migration occurred in waves, with different groups settling in different parts of Britain
  • The Jutes primarily settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight
  • The Saxons settled in southern and western Britain, establishing the kingdoms of Sussex, Wessex, and Essex
  • The Angles settled in eastern and northern Britain, establishing the kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria
• The Anglo-Saxons often reused Roman settlements and infrastructure, such as roads and fortifications

British Resistance and Adaptation

• The British response to the Anglo-Saxon migration varied, with some groups resisting and others accommodating the newcomers
• In the 5th and 6th centuries, British leaders such as Ambrosius Aurelianus and King Arthur (if he existed) are said to have led resistance against the Anglo-Saxons
  • The figure of King Arthur, while heavily mythologized, may have been based on a real British leader who fought against the Anglo-Saxons
• Some British kingdoms, such as Dumnonia in the southwest and Gwynedd in Wales, remained independent for centuries
• Over time, many Britons adapted to Anglo-Saxon culture and language, particularly in the lowland areas of Britain
• In some regions, such as Wessex and Mercia, there is evidence of coexistence and intermarriage between Britons and Anglo-Saxons

Cultural and Social Changes

• The Anglo-Saxon migration led to significant changes in language, religion, and social structure in Britain
• Old English, a Germanic language, became the dominant language in much of Britain, replacing the Celtic and Latin languages
  • Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian, and Kentish
• The Anglo-Saxons brought their pagan religious beliefs, which centered around gods such as Woden, Thor, and Tiw
  • Christianity had been introduced to Britain during the Roman period, but it declined in the aftermath of the Roman withdrawal
  • The Anglo-Saxons gradually converted to Christianity during the 6th and 7th centuries, through the efforts of missionaries such as St. Augustine and St. Aidan
• Anglo-Saxon society was hierarchical, with kings, nobles, and warriors at the top, and free peasants and slaves at the bottom
  • Kinship and loyalty were important in Anglo-Saxon society, with the concept of the "comitatus" (a band of warriors loyal to a lord) playing a significant role
• The Anglo-Saxons introduced new art styles, such as interlace patterns and animal motifs, which can be seen in illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, and stone carvings

Archaeological Evidence

• Archaeological evidence provides important insights into the Anglo-Saxon migration and settlement of Britain
• Cemeteries and burial practices offer information about Anglo-Saxon culture, social structure, and religious beliefs
  • Anglo-Saxon burials often included grave goods, such as weapons, jewelry, and personal items, which reflect the status and identity of the deceased
• Settlement patterns and building types, such as sunken-featured buildings (SFBs) and timber halls, indicate the Anglo-Saxons' agricultural and social practices
• Place names and linguistic evidence, such as the prevalence of Old English place names ending in "-ham," "-ton," and "-ingham," attest to the extent of Anglo-Saxon settlement
• Advances in genetic analysis, such as the study of ancient DNA, have provided new insights into the scale and nature of the Anglo-Saxon migration
  • Recent studies suggest that the Anglo-Saxon genetic contribution to the modern British population varies regionally, with higher levels in eastern and southern England

Legacy and Historical Debates

• The Anglo-Saxon migration had a lasting impact on British culture, language, and identity
• The extent and nature of the Anglo-Saxon migration have been the subject of historical debate
  • The traditional view, influenced by Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, emphasized a large-scale migration and displacement of the native Britons
  • More recent scholarship has suggested a more complex picture, with a mix of migration, acculturation, and coexistence
• The role of the Anglo-Saxons in shaping English identity has been a topic of discussion, particularly in the context of nationalism and the search for national origins
• The legacy of the Anglo-Saxon period can be seen in the English language, legal system, and political institutions
  • The Witan, a council of nobles that advised the Anglo-Saxon kings, is seen as a precursor to the modern British Parliament

Connections to Later Anglo-Saxon Developments

• The Anglo-Saxon migration laid the foundation for the development of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and the eventual unification of England
• The Heptarchy, the seven main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria), emerged during the 6th and 7th centuries
• The spread of Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England, particularly through the influence of the Irish and Roman missions, had a significant impact on culture, learning, and political organization
  • Monasteries, such as those at Lindisfarne, Jarrow, and Canterbury, became important centers of learning and manuscript production
• The Viking invasions of the 8th and 9th centuries had a major impact on the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, leading to the rise of Wessex under Alfred the Great and his successors
• The unification of England under the House of Wessex in the 10th century, and the establishment of a centralized monarchy, built upon the foundations laid during the early Anglo-Saxon period
  • The reign of Æthelstan (r. 924-939) is often seen as the first time England was united under a single ruler
• The Anglo-Saxon period ended with the Norman Conquest in 1066, but its cultural, linguistic, and institutional legacy continued to shape English history in the centuries that followed