Hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth. and maintain glucose balance, while control metabolic rate. These processes are essential for energy production and utilization in the body.
and drive physical development and cell growth. Meanwhile, and regulate appetite and energy balance. Understanding these hormones helps explain how the body manages energy and grows.
Pancreatic Hormones and Glucose Regulation
Insulin and Glucagon in Glucose Homeostasis
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Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the
Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells (muscle, adipose tissue)
Stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage
Enhances lipogenesis and protein synthesis
Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas
Raises blood glucose levels by promoting (breakdown of glycogen) in the liver
Stimulates (production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources) in the liver
Promotes (breakdown of lipids) in adipose tissue
Glucose homeostasis is the maintenance of stable blood glucose levels within a narrow range
Involves a balance between glucose production (liver) and glucose utilization (peripheral tissues)
Regulated by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon
Disruption of this balance can lead to conditions like (hyperglycemia) or hypoglycemia
Metabolic Rate Regulation
Metabolic rate refers to the amount of energy expended by the body per unit time
(BMR) is the energy required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest
Thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) play a key role in regulating metabolic rate
Increase BMR by stimulating cellular respiration and heat production
Enhance the effects of other hormones like catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Insulin also influences metabolic rate by promoting energy storage and anabolism
Increases glucose uptake and utilization in tissues
Stimulates lipogenesis and protein synthesis, which require energy expenditure
Growth and Development Hormones
Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone secreted by the anterior
Stimulates linear growth and cell proliferation in skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage
Promotes lipolysis and protein synthesis, leading to increased lean body mass
Induces insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are peptides produced primarily in the liver in response to GH
IGF-1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of GH
Stimulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in various tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage)
Enhances glucose and amino acid uptake in peripheral tissues
Thyroid Hormones and Cortisol in Growth and Development
Thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) are essential for normal growth and development
Stimulate bone growth and maturation, particularly during childhood and adolescence
Promote neuronal differentiation and myelination in the developing brain
Enhance the effects of GH and IGF-1 on linear growth
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
Plays a permissive role in growth and development
Necessary for the normal functioning of GH and thyroid hormones
Excess cortisol (Cushing's syndrome) can lead to growth retardation and muscle wasting
Insufficient cortisol (Addison's disease) can impair growth and development
Appetite and Energy Balance Hormones
Leptin and Ghrelin in Appetite Regulation
Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted primarily by adipose tissue
Acts as a satiety signal, reducing appetite and food intake
Communicates the body's energy status to the hypothalamus, regulating long-term energy balance
Deficiency or resistance to leptin can lead to obesity and increased appetite (hyperphagia)
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone secreted mainly by the stomach
Stimulates appetite and food intake, acting as a hunger signal
Levels increase before meals and decrease after eating
Plays a role in short-term appetite regulation and meal initiation
Leptin and ghrelin work in opposition to maintain energy balance
Leptin decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure
Ghrelin increases appetite and promotes food intake
Dysregulation of these hormones can contribute to obesity or eating disorders (anorexia nervosa)