Modern globalization took off in the late 18th century with the . Technological advancements like steam power and the sped up production, travel, and communication, connecting distant parts of the world like never before.
This era also saw the rise of and nation-states. expanded rapidly, while European powers built vast . These economic and political changes laid the groundwork for our interconnected world today.
Technological Advancements and Innovations
Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements
Top images from around the web for Industrial Revolution and Technological Advancements
Reading: How Companies Approach Marketing | Introduction to Business Spring 2017 View original
Industrial Revolution began in late 18th century England involved shift from manual labor to mechanized manufacturing using steam power and later electricity
Technological advancements during this period included inventions like spinning jenny, steam engine, and power loom which greatly increased production efficiency and output
Bessemer process introduced in 1856 allowed for mass production of steel at low cost leading to construction of railroads, bridges, and ships
Interchangeable parts and assembly line production (Model T Ford) made manufacturing faster, cheaper, and more standardized
Transportation and Communication Innovations
during Industrial Revolution included and which drastically reduced travel times and costs
Steamships allowed for faster, more reliable overseas trade and migration ()
Railroads expanded rapidly in 19th century connecting distant regions and facilitating movement of goods and people ()
Communication developments like telegraph () and later allowed near-instant transmission of information across long distances
Laying of in 1866 revolutionized global communication enabling messages between North America and Europe in minutes rather than weeks
Economic and Political Systems
Rise of Capitalism and Global Markets
Capitalism emerged as dominant economic system during Industrial Revolution characterized by private ownership of means of production, wage labor, capital accumulation, and competitive markets
of production replaced traditional artisan workshops leading to as workers migrated to cities for industrial jobs (Manchester, England)
Global markets expanded rapidly in 19th century as transportation and facilitated long-distance trade
(Cobden–Chevalier Treaty) and organizations () helped regulate and stabilize global markets
adopted by many countries in late 19th century provided stable foundation for international trade by fixing currency exchange rates to price of gold
Nation-State System and Colonialism
consolidated in 19th century with rise of and idea of within defined borders
Colonial empires of European powers expanded rapidly in this period as nations competed for control of overseas territories and resources ()
involved political and of foreign territories primarily in Asia, Africa, and South America
Colonial administrations were established to govern territories, exploit natural resources, and create captive markets for manufactured goods ()
Resistance to colonial rule took many forms including armed rebellions (), nationalist movements (), and non-violent civil disobedience ()