AP European History
Study Guides for Every AP Euro Unit
7 min read•july 11, 2024
Harrison Burnside
Harrison Burnside
Studying for the AP Euro exam? We've pulled together a list of study guides for every unit so you can focus your time on studying and not looking for resources!
If you need more explanations, drop your questions 🙋 in the community chat or join us for this week's cram session.
All of these study guides were created by experienced AP Euro teachers and students who have aced the exam. They include everything you need to know to get a 5 on the exam.
We're publishing more every day, so check back or send us a message with any immediate requests!
🚀 Thematic AP Euro Review Guides
Besides learning tons of content over hundreds of years of history, you also learn how to think thematically and in terms of Historical Reasoning. In AP Euro, you learn about the themes of State and Institutions of Power, Interactions of Europe + The World, and so many more that we explain through these guides below! Also, in AP European History, you must learn Historical Thinking and Reasoning Skills like Causation, Continuity/Change over Time, and Comparison! Below we linked guides that can help refine those skills to help improve your FRQ writing!
Comparison in the AP Histories (note: this guide is written for AP World, but the concepts apply across the histories!)
🧐 Exam Skill Review Guides
In AP Euro, you have to take all of the Thematic Skills and all of the Hundreds of Years of History to culminate and prove your knowledge to the College Board in your End of Year AP Exam! While some might dread taking the exam, it becomes much easier and FIVEable when studying how to answer all of the different FRQ (Free Response Question) Types and how to tackle MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) with us!
Ultimate Guide to the DBQ! (Document Based Question)
AP History SAQ Guide (Short Answer Questions)
✍️ Do You Want More Practice Writing FRQs for AP Euro? Make sure to Check out All of the AP Euro Past FRQ Prompts for SAQ, LEQ, + DBQs at this blog post!
🖌️ Unit 1: Renaissance and Exploration
In the late 1400s, the beginning of the Renaissance transformed Europe, bringing Europe out of the Middle ages. Beginning in the Italian city-state of Florence, a new intellectual movement known as humanism began spreading, changing the way Europeans viewed themselves and the world around them. Intellectuals would rediscover the writings of classical Greece and Rome, discover new ways to represent reality through painting and sculpture, and reinvent man's meaning for existence.
1.1 Context of the Renaissance
1.11 Causation in the Renaissance + Age of Discovery
✝️ Unit 2: Age of Reformation
The Catholic Church dominated Europe for centuries. They held incredible influence over European society and politics during the Middle Ages, and that influence continued long after the Middle Ages ended. However, with great power comes great responsibility, and while the Catholic Church had great power, they used it very irresponsibly. This would lead to many attempts at reform with some being more successful than others to change the entire idea of religion in Europe!
2.1 Content of the 16-17th Centuries
2.6 16th Century Society + Politics in Europe
2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation + the Wars of Religion
☀️ Unit 3: Absolutism and Constitutionalism
Now when we discuss the idea of state-building in this unit, it’s important to understand that the cause for this sudden change would be this surge for Monarchical Sovereignty, thus furthering the rise of Absolutist rulers such as King Louis XIV, and Peter The Great! Contextually speaking, Absolutism emerged at a dicey point in European History. New Monarchs of the 16th and 17th Centuries had consolidated their power through various means.
3.1 Context of State-Building from 1648-1815
3.2 English Civil War + Glorious Revolution
3.3 Continuities + Changes to Economics
3.6 Balance of Power in Europe in this Era
3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism + Constitutionalism
🔬 Unit 4: Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
Humanism, which gave some Europeans a sense of individualism and a confidence in their ability to reason during the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation periods, began to branch into other interests beyond the 16th century. Individualism manifested itself in intellectuals who were interested in sciences, people and places who had recently been discovered by Europeans, and politics. As interest in challenging traditional authorities in these areas intensified and populations expanded in cities, conversations about reform and new advancements became the norm!
4.1 Context of the Scientific Revolution + Enlightenment
4.4 18th Century Society + Demographics in Europe
4.5 18th Century Culture + Art in Europe
🥖 Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century
In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ War. Absolutist monarchs looked to centralize power. Challenges to this authority resulted in new political systems. By the 18th-century, Europe was full of new political ideas and tensions. European commerce also expanded and caused conflict as countries competed in a growing trade network! Through colonies in the Americas, European countries profited off cash crops, gold, and silver. Economic rivalry eventually led to global warfare!
5.1 Context of 18th Century Politics
5.2 Rise of Global Markets in the 18th Century
5.5 Effects of the French Revolution
5.6 Napoleon's Rise, Dominance, + Defeat
5.9 Continuity + Change in States of the 18th Century
🏭 Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects
Before the First Industrial Revolution, the majority of people made their living off of farming land or the putting-out/cottage system. They grew enough for their families and whatever was left would be sold. The Agricultural Revolution changed this by amplifying food production which exponentially increased the population of Europe and their health. However, at the same time, the Napoleonic Wars were raging. These wars threatened the political stability of the time and would transform European governments into conservative powerhouses that despised any sort of change or reform.
6.1 Context of Industrialization
6.2 First Industrial Revolution
6.3 Second Industrial Revolution
6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization
6.5 Concert of Europe + European Conservatism
6.6 Revolutions in the Period of 1815-1914
6.7 Intellectual Developments from 1815-1914
6.8 19th Century Social Reform Movements
6.9 Institutional Reforms of the 19th Century
6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization
🏳️ Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, conservative governments of Europe attempted to rid society of liberal, republican ideas to avoid revolutions. Due to the effects of the French Revolution on Europe, through Napoleon’s Continental System, it was believed that liberalism would lead to further threats to the sovereignty of each European nation. Nationalism also became a threat to European empires after Napoleon’s rule in France. Nation-states began to emerge based on common histories, languages, and religions. These states threatened to upset the balance of power that was so delicately organized by the Congress of Vienna.
7.1 Context of 19th Century Politics
7.3 National Unification + Diplomatic Tensions
7.4 Darwinism + Social Darwinism
7.5 Science + Intellectual Developments from 1815-1914
7.8 19th Century Culture + Arts
💥 Unit 8: 20th-Century Global Conflicts
Alliances divided Europe between the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance until the Russian Revolution forced them to revoke their involvement in the Triple Entente. After understanding the void left by Russia, the United States joined the war to aid the British and the French forces against Germany. The fresh forces, supplies, and aid of the US military ended WWI only a year later. The Paris Peace Conference severely punished the German government for its role in WWI, created the League of Nations to keep regional conflicts from erupting into global conflicts, and forced Germany into extreme debt.
8.1 Context of 20th Century Global Conflicts
8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement
8.5 Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression
8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism
8.7 Europe in the Interwar Period
8.10 20th Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments
❄️ Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe
After WW1, Europe was decimated due to total warfare and new military technologies. The end of WWII saw multiple superpowers in the world once again suffer tremendously. From England to Germany and France, only two nations came out of the conflict stronger than ever before: the US and Russia. The only problem? The two countries had opposite political ideologies. The desire to become the world’s strongest nation would see them compete with one another for decades. The end of that conflict would cause ripples throughout the world that can be seen in modern times.
9.5 Mass Atrocities after 1945
9.6 Postwar Economic Developments
9.11 Migrations within and to Europe since 1945
9.12 Tech Developments since 1914
9.14 20th and 21st Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends
9.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries