Francisco Pizarro , a Spanish conquistador, led the conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru . Born poor and uneducated, he rose through military service and exploration to become a key figure in Spain's colonization of the Americas.
Pizarro's expeditions to Peru culminated in the capture of Emperor Atahualpa and the fall of Cusco . He founded Lima, established Spanish rule, and implemented the encomienda system , profoundly impacting indigenous populations and shaping colonial Peru's future.
Early life in Spain
Francisco Pizarro was born in Trujillo, Spain around 1471 or 1476 to a poor family
Received little formal education and was illiterate for most of his life
Worked as a swineherd in his youth, tending to pigs on his father's farm
Military career before Peru
Service in the Spanish army
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Enlisted in the Spanish army as a teenager, serving in various campaigns in Italy
Gained valuable military experience and skills during his time in the army
Developed a reputation as a brave and capable soldier
Participation in the conquest of Hispaniola
Joined the expedition of Nicolás de Ovando to Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic) in 1502
Participated in the subjugation of the indigenous Taíno population
Acquired land and enslaved indigenous people through the encomienda system
Involvement in the conquest of Panama
Accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in the exploration and conquest of Panama in 1513
Played a key role in the establishment of the first European settlement on the Pacific coast of the Americas (Santa María la Antigua del Darién)
Learned valuable lessons about conquering and governing new territories
Partnership with Diego de Almagro
Met Diego de Almagro, a fellow Spanish conquistador, in Panama around 1515
Formed a partnership based on their shared ambition to explore and conquer new lands
Agreed to share the risks, costs, and potential rewards of future expeditions
Financing of Peruvian expeditions
Pizarro and Almagro pooled their resources to finance expeditions to the south (present-day Peru)
Secured additional funding from investors, such as the priest Hernando de Luque
Used their combined wealth and influence to outfit ships, hire men, and purchase supplies
Division of roles and responsibilities
Pizarro served as the primary military leader and decision-maker during expeditions
Almagro provided logistical support, recruited men, and managed supplies
Collaborated closely in planning and executing their conquest of Peru
First expedition to Peru (1524-1525)
Exploration of the Pacific coast
Set sail from Panama with a small fleet of ships and approximately 80 men
Explored the Pacific coast of South America, reaching as far south as the Inca Empire's northern borders
Gathered information about the region's geography, resources, and indigenous populations
Encounters with indigenous populations
Made contact with various indigenous groups along the coast, including the Tumbes people
Engaged in small-scale trade and exchange of gifts with local communities
Observed signs of the Inca Empire's wealth and sophistication (gold and silver artifacts, well-organized settlements)
Challenges and setbacks faced
Faced harsh weather conditions, including storms and strong currents along the coast
Suffered from food shortages and disease outbreaks among the crew
Encountered resistance from some indigenous groups, leading to occasional skirmishes and casualties
Second expedition to Peru (1526-1528)
Further exploration and reconnaissance
Launched a second expedition with a larger force of men and better-equipped ships
Explored the Peruvian coastline more extensively, reaching as far south as present-day Ecuador
Gathered more detailed information about the Inca Empire's strength, organization, and resources
Captured and interrogated local chiefs and rulers to obtain intelligence about the Inca Empire
Used these captives as guides and interpreters to facilitate communication with indigenous populations
Gained valuable insights into the Inca political structure, military capabilities, and internal divisions
Establishment of early settlements
Founded the settlement of San Miguel de Piura in 1532, the first Spanish town in Peru
Used San Miguel as a base of operations for further exploration and conquest
Began to establish a foothold in the region and demonstrate Spanish presence and power
Third expedition and conquest of Peru (1531-1533)
Arrival in Inca territory with reinforcements
Returned to Peru in 1531 with a larger force of approximately 180 men and 27 horses
Received reinforcements and supplies from Panama and other Spanish settlements
Prepared for a more aggressive campaign of conquest against the Inca Empire
Capture of Emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca
Marched inland to the Inca city of Cajamarca, where Emperor Atahualpa was holding court
Arranged a meeting with Atahualpa under the pretext of peaceful negotiations
Launched a surprise attack on the Inca entourage, capturing Atahualpa and massacring thousands of his unarmed attendants
Ransom payment and execution of Atahualpa
Held Atahualpa for ransom, demanding a room filled with gold and silver in exchange for his release
Collected a vast treasure of precious metals, but ultimately executed Atahualpa in 1533 on charges of treason and idolatry
Used the ransom payment to finance further conquest and reward his men
March to Cusco and consolidation of control
Marched to the Inca capital of Cusco, taking advantage of the power vacuum left by Atahualpa's death
Encountered minimal resistance due to the Inca Empire's internal divisions and the psychological impact of Atahualpa's execution
Installed a puppet ruler, Manco Inca, to maintain the appearance of Inca continuity while asserting Spanish control
Founding of Lima and establishment of Spanish rule
Selection of location and layout of the city
Chose the location for the new Spanish capital, Ciudad de los Reyes (later known as Lima), in 1535
Selected a site near the Pacific coast with access to a natural harbor and fresh water from the Rímac River
Designed the city layout according to a grid pattern, with a central plaza and key buildings (cathedral, government palace)
Distribution of land and labor to Spanish settlers
Divided the conquered Inca lands among Spanish settlers, granting them control over agricultural areas and indigenous labor
Awarded encomiendas, which entitled Spanish holders to extract tribute and labor from indigenous communities
Used this system to reward and incentivize Spanish colonization and exploitation of Peru's resources
Implementation of encomienda system
Established the encomienda system as the primary means of organizing indigenous labor and tribute
Assigned groups of indigenous people to Spanish encomenderos, who were responsible for their "protection" and Christian instruction
Exploited indigenous labor for agriculture, mining, and other economic activities, leading to widespread abuse and demographic decline
Conflict with Diego de Almagro
Disputes over territory and governance
Developed tensions with Diego de Almagro over the division of conquered territories and political power
Disagreed on the boundaries of their respective jurisdictions, with Almagro claiming the city of Cusco
Accused each other of encroaching on their rights and failing to honor their original partnership agreement
Battle of Las Salinas and Almagro's execution
Fought against Almagro's forces at the Battle of Las Salinas near Cusco in 1538
Defeated Almagro and captured him, consolidating Pizarro's control over Peru
Ordered the execution of Almagro, eliminating his main rival and solidifying his position as the supreme authority in the region
Impact on Spanish control of Peru
Eliminated the most significant challenge to Pizarro's rule, allowing him to govern Peru with greater autonomy
Created resentment and a desire for revenge among Almagro's supporters, sowing the seeds for future conflicts
Demonstrated the ruthlessness and determination of Pizarro in maintaining his power and control over the conquered territories
Pizarro's governance of Peru
Administrative and economic policies
Established a centralized government based in Lima, with Pizarro as the governor and captain-general
Implemented policies to control the indigenous population, such as forced resettlement into reducciones (planned towns)
Promoted the exploitation of Peru's mineral wealth, particularly silver from the Potosí mines
Treatment of indigenous populations
Subjected indigenous people to forced labor, taxation, and religious conversion
Disrupted traditional Inca social structures and economic systems, leading to widespread poverty and cultural dislocation
Presided over a catastrophic demographic decline due to disease, overwork, and violence
Encouraged Spanish immigration to Peru, offering land grants and opportunities for wealth and social advancement
Supported the development of Spanish-style cities, agriculture, and commerce
Laid the foundations for a Spanish colonial society that would dominate Peru for nearly three centuries
Assassination and legacy
Conspiracy and murder by Almagro supporters
Faced a conspiracy by a group of disaffected Almagro supporters, led by Diego de Almagro the Younger (Almagro's son)
Was attacked and killed in his palace in Lima on June 26, 1541
Marked the end of Pizarro's direct rule and the beginning of a period of political instability in Peru
Consequences for Spanish rule in Peru
Led to a power struggle among various Spanish factions vying for control of the colony
Resulted in the eventual intervention of the Spanish Crown, which sought to assert greater authority over the region
Contributed to the consolidation of the Viceroyalty of Peru as a key component of the Spanish Empire
Historical assessment and significance of Pizarro's actions
Remembered as one of the most important figures in the Spanish conquest of the Americas, responsible for the fall of the Inca Empire
Criticized for his brutality, treachery, and exploitation of indigenous populations
Left a complex legacy that encompasses both the destruction of pre-Columbian civilizations and the foundation of a new colonial order in South America