3.2 Vector Graphics: Concepts and Applications

Vector graphics use math to create scalable images with crisp lines and shapes. Unlike pixel-based raster graphics, vectors maintain quality at any size, making them ideal for logos, icons, and illustrations.

Vector software lets designers craft images using paths, curves, and shapes. Tools like the pen and shape tools, along with features like layers and gradients, enable the creation of versatile graphics for various digital and print applications.

Vector Graphics Fundamentals

Vector vs raster graphics

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• Vector graphics use mathematical equations and geometric primitives to create digital images
  • Composed of paths, curves, and shapes defined by mathematical expressions (Bezier curves)
  • Resolution-independent, can be scaled without losing quality (billboards, logos)
• Raster graphics use pixels to represent digital images
  • Composed of a grid of individual pixels, each with a specific color value
  • Resolution-dependent, lose quality when scaled up (photographs, detailed textures)

Elements of vector objects

• Paths form the foundation of vector objects
  • Defined by points connected by lines or curves
  • Can be open (lines) or closed (shapes)
  • Bezier curves create smooth, curved paths controlled by handles and anchor points
• Shapes are predefined vector objects
  • Basic shapes include rectangles, ellipses, polygons, and stars
  • Created using dedicated tools within vector software (Pen tool, Shape tools)
• Strokes define the outline or border of a vector object
  • Properties include weight (thickness), color, and style (solid, dashed)
  • Can have variable widths and create custom brush effects
• Fills color the interior of a closed vector shape
  • Can be a solid color, gradient, or pattern
  • Opacity and blending modes can be applied to fills

Working with Vector Graphics

Creation of vector graphics

• Popular vector graphics software includes Adobe Illustrator, Affinity Designer, Inkscape (open-source), and CorelDRAW
• Essential tools and techniques:
  1. Pen tool creates and edits paths by placing and manipulating anchor points
  2. Shape tools quickly create basic geometric shapes (rectangles, ellipses)
  3. Selection tools select, move, and transform vector objects
  4. Pathfinder operations combine, subtract, and intersect shapes to create complex forms
  5. Layers organize and manage vector elements within a document
  6. Alignment and distribution precisely position and space vector objects
  7. Clipping masks use shapes to hide portions of other objects
  8. Gradients and mesh tools create smooth color transitions and realistic shading

Applications in digital design

• Logos and branding elements
  • Versatile and scalable for use across various media (print, web, merchandise)
  • Clean, crisp lines and shapes for iconic and memorable designs (Nike swoosh, Apple logo)
• Icons and user interface elements
  • Clarity and legibility at small sizes
  • Consistency across different screen resolutions and devices (app icons, website buttons)
• Illustrations and infographics
  • Stylized, simplified graphics to convey information or narratives
  • Easily customizable and adaptable for different contexts (editorial illustrations, data visualizations)
• Typography and lettering
  • Creating custom typefaces or unique lettering designs
  • Smooth, scalable text for titles, logos, and decorative elements (hand-drawn logos, book covers)
• Cutting plotters and laser cutters
  • Vector paths guide cutting machines for precise fabrication
  • Applications in signage, stencils, and product packaging (road signs, cardboard boxes)