🎭Art History II – Renaissance to Modern Era Unit 9 – Dada and Surrealism

Historical Context and Origins

• Emerged in the aftermath of World War I as a reaction against the brutality and irrationality of the conflict
• Began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916 with the founding of the Cabaret Voltaire by Hugo Ball and Emmy Hennings
  • Cabaret Voltaire served as a gathering place for artists, writers, and intellectuals to express their dissatisfaction with the prevailing social and political order
• Influenced by various avant-garde movements such as Futurism, Cubism, and Expressionism
• Spread to other European cities like Berlin, Cologne, Hannover, and Paris during the late 1910s and early 1920s
• Surrealism developed from Dada in the early 1920s, led by André Breton who published the first Surrealist Manifesto in 1924
• Responded to the rise of fascism and the impending threat of another world war in the 1930s
• Declined during World War II as many artists fled Europe to escape persecution

Key Artists and Their Works

• Marcel Duchamp (Fountain, 1917; L.H.O.O.Q., 1919)
  • Challenged traditional notions of art with his "readymades" (ordinary objects presented as art)
• Man Ray (The Gift, 1921; Le Violon d'Ingres, 1924)
  • Pioneered photographic techniques like solarization and rayographs
• Hannah Hoch (Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany, 1919-1920)
  • Created politically charged photomontages critiquing Weimar Germany
• Salvador Dalí (The Persistence of Memory, 1931; Swans Reflecting Elephants, 1937)
  • Known for his surrealist paintings featuring dreamlike imagery and symbolic objects
• René Magritte (The Treachery of Images, 1929; The Son of Man, 1964)
  • Explored the relationship between objects and their representation in his surrealist works
• Max Ernst (Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale, 1924; The Elephant Celebes, 1921)
  • Developed the techniques of frottage (rubbing) and grattage (scraping) to create surrealist compositions
• Joan Miró (The Tilled Field, 1923-1924; The Harlequin's Carnival, 1924-1925)
  • Created abstract surrealist paintings and sculptures inspired by his Catalan heritage

Philosophical Foundations

• Rejected rationalism and embraced irrationality, spontaneity, and chance as means of artistic creation
• Influenced by the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud, particularly the concept of the unconscious mind
  • Surrealists sought to tap into the unconscious through techniques like automatic writing and drawing
• Embraced anarchist and anti-bourgeois ideologies, challenging conventional social and moral norms
• Celebrated the absurd, nonsensical, and contradictory aspects of reality
• Surrealists believed in the power of dreams, imagination, and the marvelous to reveal hidden truths
• Aimed to liberate the human mind from the constraints of logic and reason
• Emphasized the importance of intuition, desire, and the irrational in the creative process
• Rejected the notion of art as a purely aesthetic or decorative pursuit, instead seeing it as a means of social and political critique

Techniques and Artistic Practices

• Collage and photomontage (cutting and pasting together disparate images to create new compositions)
• Assemblage (creating three-dimensional works from found objects and materials)
• Automatism (spontaneous, unconscious creation without premeditation or control)
  • Automatic writing (writing without conscious thought or editing)
  • Automatic drawing (drawing without conscious control or planning)
• Frottage (rubbing a pencil or other drawing tool over a textured surface to create a pattern or image)
• Grattage (scraping paint from a canvas to reveal layers beneath)
• Decalcomania (pressing paint between two surfaces and then pulling them apart to create a marbled effect)
• Exquisite corpse (collaborative drawing or writing game in which each participant contributes a portion without seeing the others' contributions)
• Surrealist objects (creating or presenting ordinary objects in unexpected or uncanny ways to evoke a sense of the marvelous or the absurd)

Influence on Other Art Movements

• Influenced the development of Abstract Expressionism in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s
  • Artists like Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell were inspired by the automatic and spontaneous techniques of the Surrealists
• Contributed to the rise of Pop Art in the 1950s and 1960s through the use of mass media imagery and the elevation of everyday objects to the status of art
• Inspired the Situationist International in the 1950s and 1960s, which sought to merge art and politics through the creation of subversive situations and interventions in everyday life
• Influenced the development of Conceptual Art in the 1960s and 1970s, which emphasized the idea or concept behind a work of art over its formal or aesthetic qualities
• Shaped the emergence of Performance Art and Happenings in the 1960s and 1970s, which emphasized the ephemeral and experiential aspects of art over the creation of permanent objects
• Contributed to the development of Feminist Art in the 1970s, which challenged traditional gender roles and power structures through the use of unconventional materials and techniques
• Influenced the rise of Postmodernism in the 1980s and 1990s, which embraced irony, pastiche, and the blurring of boundaries between high and low culture

Cultural Impact and Legacy

• Challenged traditional notions of art, beauty, and taste, paving the way for more experimental and unconventional forms of artistic expression
• Contributed to the democratization of art by emphasizing the creative potential of all individuals, regardless of formal training or social status
• Influenced fashion, advertising, and graphic design through the use of surreal and dreamlike imagery
• Inspired filmmakers like Luis Buñuel and David Lynch, who incorporated surrealist themes and techniques into their work
• Shaped the development of literature, particularly in the genres of magical realism and absurdist fiction
• Contributed to the rise of countercultural movements in the 1960s and 1970s, which embraced the subversive and anti-establishment ethos of Dada and Surrealism
• Continues to influence contemporary artists who explore themes of the unconscious, the irrational, and the marvelous in their work
• Remains a popular subject of study and exhibition in museums and galleries around the world

Notable Exhibitions and Events

• First International Dada Fair (Berlin, 1920)
  • Showcased the works of leading Dada artists like George Grosz, John Heartfield, and Raoul Hausmann
• Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme (Paris, 1938)
  • Organized by André Breton and Paul Éluard, featuring works by Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, and Man Ray
• First Papers of Surrealism (New York, 1942)
  • Introduced Surrealism to the American public and included works by European artists in exile like André Breton and Max Ernst
• Le Surréalisme en 1947 (Paris, 1947)
  • Marked the resurgence of Surrealism after World War II and featured works by new members like Victor Brauner and Roberto Matta
• Dada, Surrealism, and Their Heritage (New York, 1968)
  • Major retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, tracing the development and influence of Dada and Surrealism
• Surrealism: Desire Unbound (London, 2001)
  • Explored the central role of desire in Surrealist art and thought, featuring works by Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Leonora Carrington
• Dada Africa: Dialogue with the Other (Zurich, 2016)
  • Examined the complex relationship between Dada and non-Western art and culture, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Cabaret Voltaire

Critical Reception and Controversies

• Initially met with shock, outrage, and ridicule from the public and the art establishment due to their unconventional and often provocative works
• Criticized by some for their perceived nihilism, irrationality, and lack of artistic skill or technique
• Accused of being politically naive or ineffective in their attempts to challenge the social and political order
• Surrealism's emphasis on the unconscious and the irrational was seen by some as a retreat from the real world and its problems
• The movement's male-dominated leadership and the objectification of women in some Surrealist works have been criticized from a feminist perspective
• The appropriation of non-Western art and culture by some Dada and Surrealist artists has been seen as problematic and colonialist
• The commercial success and popularization of Surrealist imagery in the later 20th century led some to accuse the movement of selling out or losing its subversive edge
• Despite these criticisms, Dada and Surrealism are now widely recognized as among the most influential and innovative art movements of the 20th century