1.2 History and evolution of biomimetic materials

Biomimetic materials have a rich history rooted in nature-inspired innovation. From Leonardo da Vinci's flying machines to Otto Schmitt's electronic breakthroughs, pioneers have long sought to emulate nature's genius in human design.

The field has evolved to encompass a wide range of materials and surfaces. From Velcro's hook-and-loop fasteners to self-cleaning coatings inspired by lotus leaves, biomimicry continues to revolutionize technology and sustainability across industries.

Early Pioneers

Leonardo da Vinci's Contributions

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• Studied anatomy and mechanics of birds and humans to design flying machines (ornithopters)
• Drew detailed sketches of birds in flight, analyzing their wing structure and movements
• Designed machines inspired by natural forms and functions, such as screw pumps based on shells
• Laid the foundation for biomimicry by closely observing and learning from nature's designs

Otto Schmitt's Biomimetic Breakthroughs

• Coined the term "biomimetics" in 1969 to describe the study and imitation of biological systems
• Developed the Schmitt trigger, an electronic switch inspired by nerve impulse propagation
• The Schmitt trigger improved the stability and reliability of electronic systems
• Pioneered the field of biomimetics by applying biological principles to engineering problems

Janine Benyus's Biomimicry Advocacy

• Authored the book "Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature" in 1997
• Popularized the concept of biomimicry and its potential for sustainable design
• Co-founded the Biomimicry Institute to promote biomimetic research and education
• Advocates for learning from and emulating nature's strategies to solve human challenges

Biomimetic Materials and Surfaces

Velcro and Gecko Adhesion

• Velcro invented by George de Mestral, inspired by burdock burrs clinging to his dog's fur
• Consists of two components: hooks (inspired by burrs) and loops (inspired by fur) that interlock
• Gecko adhesion based on millions of microscopic hair-like structures (setae) on gecko feet
• Setae create van der Waals forces, allowing geckos to climb smooth surfaces and walk upside down
• Synthetic gecko adhesives have potential applications in robotics, medicine, and space exploration

Lotus Effect and Self-Cleaning Surfaces

• Lotus leaves exhibit superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties due to micro- and nanoscale surface structures
• Water droplets roll off the leaf surface, collecting dirt and debris in the process
• Inspired the development of self-cleaning coatings and materials (paints, fabrics, glass)
• Applications include buildings, solar panels, and textiles that maintain cleanliness and efficiency

Shark Skin and Structural Color

• Shark skin covered in tiny tooth-like scales (dermal denticles) arranged in a specific pattern
• Denticles reduce drag, turbulence, and bacterial growth, enabling efficient swimming and fouling resistance
• Inspired the design of swimsuits (Speedo Fastskin), aircraft coatings, and antifouling surfaces
• Structural color results from micro- and nanoscale structures that interact with light (butterfly wings, peacock feathers)
• Produces vivid, iridescent colors without pigments, inspiring the development of color-changing materials and displays

Bioinspired Polymers

Bioplastics and Their Advantages

• Bioplastics are polymers derived from renewable biomass sources (corn starch, sugarcane, vegetable oils)
• Aim to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and minimize environmental impact
• Biodegradable bioplastics (PLA, PHA) can decompose in composting facilities, reducing waste accumulation
• Non-biodegradable bioplastics (bio-PE, bio-PET) have a smaller carbon footprint compared to petroleum-based counterparts
• Applications include packaging, disposable tableware, and medical implants
• Challenges include ensuring sustainable sourcing, improving mechanical properties, and developing efficient recycling systems