5.3 Chemical and compositional analysis techniques
3 min read•august 7, 2024
Chemical analysis techniques are crucial for understanding biomimetic materials. Spectroscopic methods like FTIR and Raman reveal molecular structures, while NMR and provide detailed compositional information. These tools help researchers uncover the secrets of nature-inspired materials.
X-ray techniques and thermal analysis further expand our knowledge. XRD shows , while EDS and XPS reveal . TGA measures and . Together, these methods paint a comprehensive picture of biomimetic materials' properties and behavior.
Spectroscopic Techniques
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
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Top images from around the web for Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy
FTIR and Elementary Analysis of Trigona Honey, Apis Honey and Adulterated Honey Mixtures ... View original
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FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy for Biochemical Changes in Oral Tissue View original
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Frontiers | Chemical Analysis of Pollen by FT-Raman and FTIR Spectroscopies View original
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FTIR and Elementary Analysis of Trigona Honey, Apis Honey and Adulterated Honey Mixtures ... View original
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FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy for Biochemical Changes in Oral Tissue View original
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(FTIR) uses infrared light to identify and chemical bonds in a sample
Measures the absorption of infrared light at different wavelengths
Produces a spectrum with peaks corresponding to specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, amine)
uses inelastic scattering of monochromatic light to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system
Provides information about molecular vibrations and crystal structures
Complementary to FTIR, as some vibrations are Raman-active but not IR-active and vice versa
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry
(NMR) uses the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to determine the structure and composition of molecules
Applies a strong magnetic field to align nuclear spins and measures the resonance frequency of nuclei when perturbed by radio waves
Provides detailed information about the of specific atoms (hydrogen, carbon)
Mass Spectrometry measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules
Ionizes the sample and separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio
Can determine the , elemental composition, and structural features of compounds
Techniques include (ESI) and (MALDI)
X-ray Analysis Techniques
X-ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy
(XRD) uses the scattering of X-rays by crystalline materials to determine their atomic and molecular structure
Based on Bragg's law, which relates the wavelength of X-rays, the spacing between crystal planes, and the scattering angle
Provides information about crystal structure, phase composition, and crystallite size
(EDS) uses the characteristic X-rays emitted by elements when excited by a high-energy electron beam to determine the elemental composition of a sample
Measures the energy and intensity of X-rays emitted from the sample
Provides quantitative and qualitative information about the elements present (mapping)
(XPS) uses X-rays to eject electrons from the surface of a material and measures their kinetic energy to determine the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of the surface
Based on the photoelectric effect, where X-rays cause the emission of core-level electrons
Provides information about the chemical bonding and oxidation states of elements on the surface (top 1-10 nm)
Thermal Analysis
Thermogravimetric Analysis
(TGA) measures the change in mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time under a controlled atmosphere
Sample is heated at a constant rate or held at a constant temperature while the mass is monitored
Provides information about the thermal stability, decomposition, and composition of materials
Can be used to study the degradation of polymers, the oxidation of metals, and the dehydration of hydrates