is the engine of life, powering everything from energy production to waste elimination. It's a complex network of chemical reactions that keep organisms alive, involving both building up and breaking down molecules.
are the unsung heroes of metabolism, speeding up reactions and fine-tuning pathways. Energy transfer is key, with serving as the cellular currency and redox reactions driving crucial processes like the .
Fundamentals of Metabolism
Role of metabolism in life
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Metabolism encompasses chemical reactions in living organisms sustaining life processes converting nutrients into energy and building blocks
Key functions involve energy production fueling cellular activities, biomolecule synthesis creating essential compounds, and waste elimination maintaining cellular health
Homeostasis maintenance regulates body temperature keeping organisms within optimal range, pH balance ensuring proper enzyme function, and nutrient levels supporting cellular processes
Anabolic vs catabolic processes
Anabolic processes build complex molecules from simpler ones require energy input (protein synthesis, DNA replication, glycogenesis)
Catabolic processes break down complex molecules into simpler ones release energy (, , protein degradation)
Enzymes in metabolic reactions
Enzymes act as biological catalysts accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Specificity follows lock and key model or induced fit model ensuring precise substrate binding
Enzyme kinetics described by Michaelis-Menten equation influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration
Regulation occurs through , , and fine-tuning metabolic pathways
Energy transfer in biological systems
ATP serves as energy currency with structure allowing to release energy driving
Redox reactions involve oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) utilizing electron carriers (/, /)
Coupled reactions link endergonic reactions to exergonic reactions enabling energetically unfavorable processes
Free energy and spontaneity determined by Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) relates to equilibrium constant
Electron transport chain conducts series of redox reactions generates drives ATP synthesis via