form the foundation of algebra, encompassing rational and . Understanding their subsets and representations on a is crucial for solving equations and graphing functions.
Algebraic operations and expressions build on , introducing variables and rules for manipulation. Mastering order of operations, properties of real numbers, and simplification techniques is essential for solving complex mathematical problems.
Real Number System
Subsets of real numbers
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are and their negatives (...,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,...)
include and zero (0,1,2,3,...)
Natural numbers (counting numbers) start at 1 and continue infinitely (1,2,3,...)
include (0.5,0.25,0.125) and (0.3=0.333...,0.16=0.161616...)
Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers
Include non-terminating, non-repeating decimals (π,2,[e](https://www.fiveableKeyTerm:e))
Representation of Real Numbers
Number line: A visual representation of real numbers on a horizontal line
: A way to represent a set of numbers using parentheses or brackets
: A branch of mathematics that deals with the properties of collections of objects (including real numbers)
Algebraic Operations and Expressions
Order of operations application
mnemonic device guides order of operations
Parentheses: Perform operations within parentheses first
: Evaluate exponents, powers, and roots
Multiplication and Division: Multiply and divide from left to right
Addition and Subtraction: Add and subtract from left to right
Properties of real numbers
allows changing order of operands
Addition: a+b=b+a
Multiplication: a×b=b×a
allows grouping operands differently
Addition: (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
Multiplication: (a×b)×c=a×(b×c)
distributes multiplication over addition
a(b+c)=ab+ac
leaves value unchanged when operating with identity element
Addition: a+0=a
Multiplication: a×1=a
results in identity element when operating with inverse
Addition: a+(−a)=0
Multiplication: a×a1=1 for a=0
Evaluation of algebraic expressions
Substitute given values for variables in expression
Apply order of operations to simplify resulting expression
Evaluate simplified expression to find final value
Simplification of complex expressions
Combine by adding or subtracting coefficients of terms with same variables and exponents
Factor out common factors from terms
Simplify fractions by reducing numerator and denominator by (GCF)
Apply properties of exponents
Multiply powers with same base: am×an=am+n
Divide powers with same base: anam=am−n
Power of a power: (am)n=amn
Power of a product: (ab)m=ambm
Power of a quotient: (ba)m=bmam for b=0
Rationalize denominators containing by multiplying numerator and denominator by of denominator
Use to represent the distance of a number from zero on the number line
Arithmetic Operations and Polynomials
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) are fundamental in algebraic manipulations
Polynomials are expressions consisting of variables and coefficients, involving only addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents