protocols ensure accurate, sequential delivery of data across networks. They use sequence numbers, acknowledgments, timeouts, and sliding windows to handle , duplication, and misordering, addressing the unreliable nature of IP.
Stop-and-Wait, , and are key protocols with varying efficiency. Each has strengths and weaknesses, balancing simplicity, bandwidth usage, and performance based on network conditions and application needs.
Reliable Data Transfer Protocols
Importance of reliable data transfer
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Guarantees data delivered accurately and sequentially
Essential for error-sensitive applications (file transfer, email)
Addresses packet loss, duplication, and misordering
Network layer (IP) offers unreliable delivery
Implemented in transport layer, often using (Transmission Control Protocol)
Principles of transfer protocols
Sequence numbers identify and sequence packets
Detects lost, duplicated, or out-of-order packets
Acknowledgments (ACKs) verify packet receipt
Can acknowledge multiple packets (cumulative ACKs)
Timeouts trigger packet
Sender retransmits if ACK not received before timeout
enables concurrent packet transmission
Improves via pipelining
Stop-and-Wait protocol operation
Sends one packet, waits for ACK before next transmission