The U.S. Constitution sets up a system of , dividing power between federal and state governments. It creates three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—each with specific roles and the ability to limit the others' power.
The Constitution also establishes the , ensuring everyone is treated equally and government power is limited. It's based on , meaning the people are the ultimate source of power, and can be amended to reflect changing needs over time.
Federalism and Power Division
Division of Power Between Federal and State Governments
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is a system of government that divides power between a central government and regional governments
The U.S. Constitution establishes a federal system
The national government has specific enumerated powers
The states retain all other powers not delegated to the federal government
The affirms the principle of federalism
Powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people
Supremacy and Expansion of Federal Power
The in Article VI establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land
Federal law takes precedence over state laws and constitutions
The in Article I, Section 8 grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce
This clause has been broadly interpreted to expand federal power
The (Elastic Clause) in Article I, Section 8 grants Congress the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances
Three Branches of Government
The divides the powers of government among three distinct branches
(Congress) has the power to make laws
(President) has the power to enforce laws
(federal courts) has the power to interpret laws and determine their constitutionality
Checks and Balances Between Branches
Checks and balances refer to the powers each branch has to limit or control the actions of the other branches
Prevents any single branch from becoming too powerful
Examples of checks and balances:
President's power to veto legislation passed by Congress
Congress's power to override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority in both houses
Senate's power to confirm or reject presidential appointments and treaties
Federal courts' power to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional through
Importance of the Rule of Law
Accountability and Equal Treatment Under the Law
The rule of law holds that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are accountable to laws
Laws must be publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated
The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land
All government officials, including the President, are bound by its provisions
The rule of law ensures that government power is exercised within the confines of the Constitution
Individual rights and liberties are protected
Due Process and Equal Protection
The Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee that the government cannot deprive individuals of life, liberty, or property without due process of law
The Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the government treat all individuals equally under the law
The independent judiciary, with the power of judicial review, plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law
Ensures that laws and government actions comply with the Constitution
Popular Sovereignty and Constitutional Legitimacy
Consent of the Governed
Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of government is derived from the consent of the governed
The begins with "We the People"
Emphasizes that the Constitution is established by the people and for the people
The Constitution was ratified by the people through state conventions
Demonstrates the principle of popular sovereignty
Representative Democracy and Constitutional Amendments
The Constitution provides for a
The people elect representatives to make laws on their behalf
The Constitution can be amended through a process that requires broad public support
Amendments can be proposed by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures
Amendments must be ratified by three-fourths of the states, either through state legislatures or state ratifying conventions
Popular sovereignty implies that the government is accountable to the people
The people have the right to alter or abolish the government if it fails to protect their rights and interests