🏛️Curatorial Studies Unit 7 – Art Handling: Conservation & Storage

Key Concepts and Terminology

• Conservation involves the preservation, protection, and restoration of cultural heritage objects
• Preventive conservation focuses on minimizing deterioration and damage to objects through environmental control, proper handling, and storage
• Interventive conservation includes treatments such as cleaning, repair, and stabilization of objects
• Restoration aims to return an object to its original appearance or function, often involving more extensive interventions
• Authenticity refers to the genuineness and originality of an object, which can be affected by conservation treatments
• Provenance is the history of ownership and custody of an object, providing context for its significance and value
• Condition reports document the physical state of an object at a specific point in time, noting any damage, alterations, or conservation needs

Conservation Principles and Ethics

• The primary goal of conservation is to preserve the physical and cultural integrity of objects for future generations
• Conservators must adhere to professional codes of ethics, which prioritize the long-term preservation of objects over short-term aesthetic considerations
• Minimal intervention is a key principle, involving the least invasive and most reversible treatments possible
• Documentation is essential, recording all examination findings, treatment decisions, and procedures performed on an object
• Conservators must respect the original materials and techniques used in the creation of an object, as well as any alterations that reflect its history and use
• Collaboration with curators, art historians, and other experts is necessary to make informed decisions about the care and treatment of objects
• Continuing education and research are important for staying current with best practices and new technologies in the field

Handling Techniques for Different Art Forms

• Paintings require careful handling to avoid damage to the canvas, frame, and surface
  • Use clean, dry hands or nitrile gloves to prevent transfer of oils and dirt
  • Support the painting from the bottom and sides, never putting pressure on the canvas
• Sculptures may be heavy, fragile, or have complex surfaces that require special handling
  • Plan the move in advance, ensuring a clear path and adequate support
  • Use padded gloves, straps, or specialized equipment to distribute weight evenly
• Works on paper are particularly sensitive to light, humidity, and physical damage
  • Handle paper by the edges, using gloves or clean hands
  • Support the paper fully when moving, using a rigid backing board if necessary
• Textiles should be handled as little as possible to minimize stress on fibers
  • Use clean, padded surfaces and gentle, even support when moving textiles
  • Avoid folding or creasing, which can cause permanent damage
• Photographs have specific sensitivities to light, humidity, and pollutants
  • Wear gloves to prevent transfer of fingerprints and oils
  • Store photographs in archival-quality enclosures and avoid exposure to light

Environmental Control and Monitoring

• Temperature and relative humidity levels must be carefully regulated to prevent damage to objects
  • Ideal ranges vary by material, but generally aim for stability and avoidance of extremes
  • Fluctuations in temperature and humidity can cause expansion, contraction, and warping of materials
• Light exposure should be minimized, as UV and visible light can fade colors and degrade materials over time
  • Use low-wattage bulbs, UV filters, and timed controls to limit light levels
  • Rotate light-sensitive objects on display to reduce cumulative exposure
• Air quality is important, as pollutants and particulates can settle on surfaces and cause chemical reactions
  • Use air filtration systems to remove dust, gases, and other contaminants
  • Monitor and control ventilation to prevent introduction of outdoor pollutants
• Integrated pest management (IPM) is necessary to prevent insect and rodent damage to collections
  • Implement regular monitoring, trapping, and inspection protocols
  • Use sealed storage enclosures and quarantine procedures for new acquisitions

Storage Solutions and Materials

• Archival-quality materials are essential for long-term storage of objects
  • Use acid-free boxes, folders, and tissue paper to prevent chemical deterioration
  • Choose inert plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene for housing objects
• Storage furniture should be sturdy, adjustable, and non-reactive
  • Metal shelving and cabinets are preferred over wood, which can off-gas harmful compounds
  • Use padded drawers, dividers, and supports to prevent shifting and damage
• Specialized housing may be needed for fragile or oversized objects
  • Custom-built crates, mounts, and mannequins can provide tailored support and protection
  • Consult with conservators and mount-makers to design appropriate housing solutions
• Storage areas should be secure, climate-controlled, and regularly monitored
  • Limit access to designated staff and maintain strict protocols for object handling and movement
  • Implement disaster preparedness measures, such as water detection and fire suppression systems

Packing and Transportation Methods

• Packing materials should provide adequate cushioning, support, and protection from shock and vibration
  • Use archival-quality foams, bubble wrap, and tissue paper to pad and separate objects
  • Avoid materials like newspaper, wool, and rubber, which can degrade or transfer harmful substances
• Packing techniques should be tailored to the specific needs of each object
  • Double-boxing, cavity packing, and suspension systems can provide additional layers of protection
  • Label boxes clearly with object information, handling instructions, and any special precautions
• Transportation methods should be chosen based on the fragility, size, and destination of the objects
  • Fine art shippers specialize in the secure transport of high-value and delicate objects
  • Climate-controlled trucks, air-ride suspension, and GPS tracking can ensure safe transit
• Courier accompaniment may be necessary for high-value or extremely fragile objects
  • Couriers oversee the packing, unpacking, and installation of objects at the destination
  • They can also monitor environmental conditions and handle any emergencies during transit

Documentation and Record Keeping

• Thorough documentation is essential for the long-term care and management of collections
  • Create detailed condition reports, treatment records, and photographs to track changes over time
  • Use standardized forms and terminology to ensure consistency and clarity
• Collection management systems (CMS) can help centralize and organize object records
  • Digital databases allow for easy searching, updating, and sharing of information
  • Integrate conservation documentation with curatorial and registration records for a holistic view of each object
• Photographic documentation should be high-quality, color-accurate, and properly labeled
  • Use scale bars, color charts, and consistent lighting to ensure accurate representation of objects
  • Store digital files in multiple secure locations and create backup copies regularly
• Loan and exhibition records should include detailed condition reports and shipping documentation
  • Specify any special handling, installation, or environmental requirements for borrowed objects
  • Retain copies of all loan agreements, insurance certificates, and shipping receipts

Risk Assessment and Emergency Preparedness

• Identify and prioritize potential risks to collections, such as fire, flood, theft, and vandalism
  • Conduct regular risk assessments and update emergency plans accordingly
  • Install appropriate detection and suppression systems, such as smoke detectors and sprinklers
• Develop a comprehensive emergency preparedness and response plan
  • Assign roles and responsibilities for staff members during an emergency
  • Establish procedures for evacuation, salvage, and recovery of objects
• Train staff in emergency response procedures and conduct regular drills
  • Ensure all staff know the location and use of emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers and first aid kits
  • Practice scenarios for different types of emergencies, including natural disasters and human-caused incidents
• Establish relationships with local emergency responders and conservation professionals
  • Invite fire department and police personnel to tour the facility and familiarize themselves with the layout and collections
  • Maintain a list of trusted conservators and disaster recovery specialists who can provide assistance in the event of an emergency
• Create emergency supply kits and store them in easily accessible locations
  • Include items such as flashlights, batteries, gloves, masks, and plastic sheeting
  • Regularly check and update supplies to ensure they are in good condition and ready for use