7.1 Proper Handling Techniques for Various Media

Proper handling techniques are crucial for preserving artworks and ensuring safety. From paintings to sculptures, each medium requires specific care. Gloves, support methods, and careful movements are key to avoiding damage during transport and display.

Art materials can pose health risks, including toxic substances and airborne particles. Personal protective equipment like gloves, masks, and proper clothing is essential. Safe lifting, securing artwork, and navigating spaces are vital for successful art transportation.

Art Handling Techniques

Paintings

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• Handle with clean, dry hands or while wearing nitrile gloves to prevent transfer of oils, dirt, or moisture to the surface
• When moving, support the work from the bottom with both hands, keeping it vertical and avoiding any pressure on the canvas or frame (use hydraulic lifts for oversized works)
• Secure paintings to moving equipment with straps, padding, or blankets to prevent shifting or vibration during transport
• Keep paintings vertical and facing toward the mover during transport, avoiding tilting or laying them flat

Sculptures and Three-Dimensional Objects

• Handle with gloved hands, supporting the base and any fragile areas
• Never lift a sculpture by protruding parts (arms, legs, head) as this can cause breakage
• Move sculptures on a padded cart or dolly, strapped securely with protective padding at contact points
• Avoid dragging or pushing a sculpture across the floor, which can damage the base or create scratches
• Use two or more people to lift and move heavy sculptures, communicating clearly and coordinating movements

Works on Paper and Photographs

• Handle works on paper by the edges or margins, preferably with gloves, on a clean, flat surface
• Transport works on paper in archival folders or boxes, stacked horizontally with interleaving tissue between each work to prevent friction
• Photographs and negatives are prone to damage from fingerprints, scratches, and airborne pollutants
• Handle photographs and negatives by the edges and wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints or scratches
• Store photographs and negatives in archival-quality sleeves or enclosures to protect from dust and pollutants

Textiles and Fabric-Based Artworks

• Handle textile art pieces as little as possible, with clean hands and while wearing gloves
• Avoid folding or creasing the fabric, which can cause permanent damage to fibers
• Roll textiles around an archival tube for storage or transport, avoiding stacking or compression
• Display textiles on a flat surface or mannequin to prevent gravity from distorting the shape over time

Art Material Hazards

Toxic Substances in Art Materials

• Many pigments and materials used in creating artworks can be toxic, such as lead (white paint), cadmium (red and yellow paint), and mercury (vermilion)
• Familiarize yourself with common hazardous substances found in paints, glazes, solvents, and adhesives
• Review safety data sheets (SDS) for art materials to identify potential risks and proper handling methods
• Avoid skin contact or inhalation of toxic substances by wearing appropriate PPE and working in ventilated areas

Airborne Particulates and Pollutants

• Dust and particulate matter from deteriorating materials like wood, plaster, or pastels can be harmful if inhaled
• Use appropriate respiratory protection (dust masks or respirators) when working with friable or flaking materials
• Mold and pest infestations can develop on organic materials like wood, textiles, and paper
• Inspect objects for signs of biological activity (discoloration, spores, droppings) before handling and take precautions to avoid exposure

Physical Hazards in Art Handling

• Sharp edges on frames, sculptures, or installation pieces pose a cutting hazard
• Handle objects with sharp elements carefully and wear protective gloves (Kevlar or leather) to prevent cuts
• Heavy or oversized artworks can cause strain or injury if lifted or moved improperly
• Use proper lifting techniques (bend at knees, keep back straight) and team lifting when necessary to avoid injury
• Wear closed-toe shoes with non-slip soles to prevent slips, trips, and falling objects from causing injury

Importance of PPE

Gloves for Barrier Protection

• Nitrile or cotton gloves protect both the handler and the artwork by providing a barrier against skin oils, moisture, and dirt transfer
• Wear gloves when handling any artwork to avoid leaving fingerprints, smudges, or residues on surfaces
• Change gloves frequently to prevent cross-contamination between objects and maintain a clean grip
• Use powder-free gloves to avoid leaving residue on artworks

Respiratory Protection Against Particulates

• Respirators or dust masks should be worn when working with objects that may have mold, pest residues, or hazardous particulates to prevent inhalation
• Choose the appropriate respirator for the type of particulate (N95 for dust, P100 for mold or lead)
• Ensure respirator fits properly and forms a seal against the face for effective filtration
• Replace respirator filters regularly and whenever breathing becomes difficult

Protective Clothing and Eyewear

• Aprons or lab coats can protect clothing and skin from accidental spills or contact with potentially harmful substances (solvents, acids)
• Choose aprons made of durable, non-porous materials like PVC or neoprene for easy cleaning and chemical resistance
• Safety goggles shield the eyes from dust, debris, and chemical splashes that may occur during conservation or preparation of artworks
• Wear goggles when using power tools, handling chemicals, or working with flaking or friable materials

Footwear for Safety and Stability

• Closed-toe shoes with non-slip soles help prevent accidents and protect the feet from falling objects or sharp edges
• Choose shoes with good support and cushioning for comfort during long periods of standing or walking
• Avoid sandals, flip-flops, or high heels when handling art to reduce risk of trips, slips, or dropped objects
• Steel-toed boots may be necessary when handling large, heavy sculptures or installing large-scale exhibitions

Art Transportation Procedures

Planning and Preparation

• Plan the route in advance, considering the dimensions of the artwork, doorways, elevators, and any potential obstacles
• Clear the path of any obstructions (furniture, equipment) and ensure adequate clearance for large objects
• Assemble the necessary equipment, such as hydraulic lifts, pallet jacks, dollies, or carts, appropriate to the size and weight of the artwork
• Inspect equipment for proper functioning and safety features (brakes, straps, padding) before use

Safe Lifting and Moving Techniques

• Use two or more people to lift and move heavy or large items, communicating clearly and coordinating movements to avoid damage
• Lift with the legs, keeping the back straight and object close to the body to avoid strain
• Avoid twisting or jerking motions while carrying artwork, which can cause damage or injury
• Take breaks as needed and set artwork down gently on padded surfaces to prevent impact damage

Securing Artwork During Transport

• Secure the artwork to the moving equipment with straps, padding, or blankets to prevent shifting or vibration during transport
• Use corner protectors or foam blocks to prevent frames or edges from bumping against cart or walls
• Cover sculptures or 3D works with soft, breathable fabric (Tyvek, muslin) to protect from dust and scratches
• Avoid stacking artworks or placing heavy objects on top of fragile pieces during transport

Navigating the Museum Environment

• Use caution when moving objects in and out of storage areas, watching for uneven floors, thresholds, or tight doorways where damage could occur
• Open doors slowly and check for clearance before moving artwork through to avoid bumps and scratches
• Use a spotter when navigating narrow passages or blind corners to prevent collisions
• Be aware of environmental factors like humidity, temperature, and light levels when moving artwork to prevent shock or deterioration