13.3 Nootropics and over-the-counter cognitive enhancers

Nootropics and over-the-counter cognitive enhancers are substances that claim to boost brain power. From synthetic compounds like racetams to natural herbs like ginkgo biloba, these substances aim to enhance memory, focus, and mental clarity.

Dietary supplements also play a role in cognitive enhancement. Omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and antioxidants are among the nutrients believed to support brain health and function, offering potential benefits for cognitive performance and long-term brain health.

Nootropic Compounds

Understanding Nootropics and Their Mechanisms

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• Nootropics encompass substances that enhance cognitive functions, including memory, creativity, and motivation
• Racetams represent a class of synthetic nootropics known for their neuroprotective properties and cognitive-enhancing effects
  • Piracetam serves as the prototypical racetam, often used to improve memory and learning
  • Aniracetam offers potential benefits for mood enhancement and anxiety reduction
• Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, blocking adenosine receptors to increase alertness and focus
  • Found naturally in coffee, tea, and chocolate
  • Improves reaction time, vigilance, and attention span
• L-theanine, an amino acid found in tea leaves, promotes relaxation without sedation
  • Often combined with caffeine to provide a balanced cognitive boost
  • Increases alpha brain wave activity, associated with a state of wakeful relaxation

Natural Nootropic Compounds

• Ginkgo biloba, derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo tree, improves blood circulation to the brain
  • Contains flavonoids and terpenoids with antioxidant properties
  • May enhance memory and cognitive speed in older adults
• Bacopa monnieri, an herb used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, supports memory formation and recall
  • Contains bacosides, compounds that protect neurons and improve synaptic function
  • Demonstrates potential benefits for age-related cognitive decline
• Rhodiola rosea, an adaptogenic herb, helps the body adapt to stress and fatigue
  • Contains active compounds like rosavin and salidroside
  • Improves mental performance under stress and reduces symptoms of burnout

Dietary Supplements

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Brain Health

• Dietary supplements consist of vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other substances taken to supplement the diet
• Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role in brain structure and function
  • Include three main types: ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
  • Found in fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), fish oil supplements, and plant sources (flaxseed, chia seeds)
• DHA contributes to the formation of cell membranes in the brain
  • Makes up about 8% of brain weight and supports neurotransmitter function
  • Essential for fetal brain development and may slow cognitive decline in older adults

Cognitive Function and Supplementation

• Cognitive function encompasses various mental abilities, including memory, attention, and problem-solving
• B-complex vitamins support cognitive function through their role in neurotransmitter synthesis
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency linked to cognitive impairment and neurological symptoms
  • Folate (vitamin B9) important for brain health and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline
• Antioxidants like vitamin E and C protect brain cells from oxidative stress
  • Vitamin E found in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils
  • Vitamin C abundant in citrus fruits, berries, and leafy greens
• Magnesium supports brain plasticity and may enhance learning and memory
  • Found in green leafy vegetables, nuts, and whole grains
  • Magnesium L-threonate shows promise in improving cognitive function in animal studies