3.2 Spread of Reformed Traditions: Calvinism and Anglicanism
4 min read•august 6, 2024
The sparked diverse interpretations of Christianity. , founded by , emphasized God's sovereignty and . It spread across Europe, influencing religious and social life in , France, and beyond.
The emerged from 's break with Rome. It blended Catholic and Protestant elements, with the monarch as its head. This unique compromise shaped England's religious landscape and sparked further reforms like .
John Calvin and Calvinism
John Calvin's Theology and Influence
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John Calvin was a French theologian and a key figure in the development of the Reformed tradition of Protestantism
Developed a systematic theology that emphasized the sovereignty of God, the authority of scripture, and the doctrine of predestination
Calvin's teachings spread throughout Europe, particularly in Switzerland, France, the , and , shaping the Reformed tradition
Predestination and Its Implications
Predestination is the belief that God has already determined who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned
This doctrine emphasized God's sovereignty and the idea that salvation is a gift from God, not earned through good works
The concept of predestination had a significant impact on Calvinist thought and practice, leading to a strong emphasis on moral discipline and the pursuit of godly living
Geneva as a Model Calvinist City
Calvin established a theocratic government in Geneva, Switzerland, where church and state were closely intertwined
Geneva became a model for other Calvinist communities, with a strong emphasis on moral discipline, education, and social welfare
The , founded by Calvin, became a center for Reformed theological training and attracted students from across Europe
Huguenots and the French Wars of Religion
were French Protestants who adopted Calvinist teachings
Religious tensions between Huguenots and Catholics led to a series of wars in France () from 1562 to 1598
The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted the Huguenots religious toleration and ended the wars, but it was later revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, leading to the persecution and emigration of many Huguenots
Anglican Church
Henry VIII and the English Reformation
Henry VIII initially opposed the Protestant Reformation and was given the title "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope for his defense of Catholicism
Henry's desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn led to a break with the Roman Catholic Church
The was driven more by political and personal factors than theological ones
Establishment of the Church of England
The , also known as the Anglican Church, was established as a separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church
The Church of England maintained many Catholic practices and structures, such as the and the use of the
The monarch became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, with authority over church matters
Act of Supremacy and Royal Supremacy
The (1534) declared the English monarch to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England
This act effectively severed ties with the Roman Catholic Church and established the principle of over the church
The monarch had the power to appoint bishops, determine church doctrine, and enforce religious uniformity
Elizabeth I and the Elizabethan Settlement
, Henry VIII's daughter, sought to establish a middle ground between Catholicism and Protestantism
The (1559) established the Church of England as a Protestant church with some Catholic elements retained (via the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy)
This compromise helped to stabilize religion in England and reduce religious tensions, although it did not satisfy all Protestants, particularly the Puritans
Puritans and Religious Dissent
Puritans and Their Beliefs
Puritans were English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Church of England from remaining Catholic influences
They emphasized personal faith, moral discipline, and the importance of scripture in guiding religious practice
Puritans believed in predestination and the idea that success in worldly affairs was a sign of God's favor (the "")
Religious Persecution and Conformity
The English monarchy, particularly under Elizabeth I and James I, sought to enforce religious conformity and suppress dissent
Puritans and other dissenters faced persecution, fines, and imprisonment for refusing to conform to the Church of England's practices
Some Puritans, known as , advocated for a complete break from the Church of England and the establishment of independent congregations
Separatists and the Pilgrims
Separatists, such as the , believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed from within
Faced with persecution, some Separatists fled England and settled in the Netherlands before eventually traveling to the New World
The Pilgrims established the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts in 1620, seeking religious freedom and the opportunity to create a godly community based on their beliefs