7.3 Prussia and Russia: The Rise of Eastern European Powers

Prussia and Russia emerged as major powers in Eastern Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. Their rise was marked by strong rulers, military prowess, and ambitious reforms aimed at modernizing their respective nations.

Prussia, under Frederick William, became known for its militarism and efficient bureaucracy. Meanwhile, Russia, led by Peter the Great, underwent extensive westernization efforts, transforming from a relatively isolated state into a formidable European power.

Rise of Prussia

Frederick William's Reign and Reforms

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• Frederick William, known as "The Great Elector", ruled Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 to 1688
• Centralized the government by reducing the power of the estates (representative assemblies) and appointing officials loyal to him
• Reformed the army, making it one of the most effective in Europe by emphasizing discipline, training, and modern weaponry
• Encouraged immigration of skilled workers and religious refugees (Huguenots) to stimulate the economy and increase the population

Development of Prussian Militarism

• Prussia became known for its strong military tradition and discipline
• The army was given top priority in terms of funding and resources
• Compulsory military service was introduced, ensuring a large and well-trained standing army
• The military played a significant role in Prussian society and politics, with many nobles serving as officers

Role of the Junkers in Prussian Society

• The Junkers were the landed nobility of Prussia, owning large estates and holding significant political influence
• They dominated the officer corps of the Prussian army and held key positions in the government and bureaucracy
• The Junkers supported the monarchy and the military, which in turn protected their privileges and interests
• Their conservative values and loyalty to the crown helped shape Prussian society and politics

Modernization of Russia

Peter the Great's Reign and Reforms

• Peter the Great ruled Russia from 1682 to 1725, seeking to modernize and westernize the country
• Traveled to Western Europe (Grand Embassy) to learn about advanced technologies, military organization, and governance
• Introduced Western-style dress, education, and social customs to the Russian elite
• Expanded Russia's territory through successful military campaigns against the Ottoman Empire and Sweden (Great Northern War)

Westernization Efforts and Cultural Changes

• Founded the city of St. Petersburg in 1703 as Russia's new capital, designed to be a modern, Western-style city
• Encouraged the development of science, education, and the arts, establishing the Academy of Sciences and supporting the work of scholars and artists
• Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church, reducing its political influence and subordinating it to the state
• Introduced the Julian calendar and simplified the Cyrillic alphabet to facilitate communication and trade with Western Europe

Restructuring of Russian Society and Government

• Created the Table of Ranks, a merit-based system for government and military service, allowing talented individuals to rise through the ranks regardless of their social background
• Weakened the influence of the boyars (traditional nobility) by requiring them to serve in the government or military to maintain their status
• Abolished the Streltsy (elite military units), which had become a source of political instability, and replaced them with a modern, professional army
• Centralized power in the hands of the monarch, establishing an absolute monarchy and reducing the role of the nobles in governance