The Enlightenment influenced some absolute monarchs to adopt progressive ideas while maintaining power. These "enlightened absolutists" like Frederick II, , and implemented reforms in administration, law, education, and religion, aiming to modernize their states.
However, enlightened absolutism had limits. Rulers still prioritized their authority over individual liberty, often imposing reforms from the top down. This contradiction between Enlightenment ideals and absolute power sparked criticism from some thinkers who saw it as hypocritical.
Enlightened Rulers
Enlightened Absolutism and its Key Proponents
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Enlightened absolutism combined ideas of the Enlightenment with where rulers embraced rationality, progress, and tolerance to enhance their countries while still maintaining total authority
Frederick II of Prussia () implemented Enlightenment ideas, reformed bureaucracy and civil service, promoted , and patronized arts and education
Catherine the Great of Russia corresponded with Enlightenment thinkers (, ), promoted Western education, and expanded the Russian state through military victories and shrewd politics
Joseph II of Austria (Holy Roman Emperor) enacted reforms to modernize his empire including abolishing serfdom, promoting religious tolerance, and centralizing the government
Limits and Contradictions of Enlightened Absolutism
Enlightened absolutism had limits as monarchs still prioritized their own power and control over Enlightenment ideals of individual liberty and democracy
Reforms were often enacted top-down without input or participation from the people and could be rescinded at the ruler's whim
Enlightened monarchs justified their absolute power as necessary to enact rational reforms and create progress, a view at odds with Enlightenment ideas of and government by consent
Criticized by some Enlightenment thinkers () as contradictory and hypocritical for embracing Enlightenment thought while still ruling as absolute monarchs
Domestic Reforms
Administrative and Legal Reforms
Administrative reforms aimed to rationalize and centralize state bureaucracies to increase efficiency and the power of the monarch
Streamlined tax collection, abolished internal tariffs and duties, and created standardized weights and measures to improve economic activity
Legal reforms influenced by Enlightenment ideas of natural law and uniformity
Codified laws into a coherent system (), reduced torture and corporal punishment, and established the principle of equality before the law
Education and Religious Reforms
Educational reforms expanded schooling and literacy to create an educated populace and skilled workforce
Established state-run primary and secondary schools, regulated universities, and promoted practical curricula (sciences, engineering)
Religious tolerance policies reduced the power of the established church and granted limited freedoms to religious minorities
Joseph II's granted Protestants, Orthodox Christians, and Jews freedom of private worship and access to education and professions in the Habsburg lands
Economic Theory
Physiocracy and its Influence
was an economic theory developed by French Enlightenment thinkers (, ) that emphasized the importance of agriculture and the "natural order"
Viewed agriculture as the source of all wealth and advocated for free trade, reduced regulation, and a tax on land as the only form of taxation
Influenced economic policies of enlightened monarchs who reduced internal trade barriers, improved infrastructure (roads, canals) to facilitate agricultural trade, and reformed taxation
Reflected Enlightenment ideas of rationality and natural law applied to economics and challenged mercantilist policies of strict government control of the economy