20.1 Goryeo celadon production and techniques

Goryeo celadon, famous for its jade-green glaze, was the pinnacle of Korean ceramics during the Goryeo Dynasty. Its distinctive color, elegant forms, and intricate decorations showcased the exceptional skill of Korean artisans.

Celadon production relied on advanced techniques like sanggam inlay and sophisticated kiln technology. These innovations allowed craftsmen to create stunning pieces that were prized by the aristocracy and used in Buddhist rituals.

Goryeo Celadon Characteristics

Distinctive Glaze and Color

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• Goryeo celadon characterized by its distinctive jade-green glaze (cheongja) achieved through a combination of iron oxide and firing techniques
• Glaze color ranges from bluish-green to grayish-green depending on the firing conditions and chemical composition
• Translucent quality of the glaze allows the clay body to show through, creating a sense of depth and luminosity
• Glaze often exhibits a crackle pattern (fine network of cracks) due to the difference in the thermal expansion of the glaze and clay body during cooling

Iconic Forms and Shapes

• Maebyong vase one of the most iconic forms of Goryeo celadon, featuring a tall, slender neck, globular body, and a small foot
• Other notable forms include bowls, dishes, cups, and incense burners, each showcasing the refined craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibilities of Goryeo artisans
• Graceful curves, elegant proportions, and harmonious balance between form and decoration characterize Goryeo celadon pieces
• Some vessels incorporate intricate openwork designs, such as lotus petals or geometric patterns, adding to their visual appeal and technical complexity

Goryeo Celadon Techniques

Sanggam Inlay Decoration

• Sanggam technique involves carving designs into the clay body before applying the celadon glaze, creating a subtle contrast between the carved and uncarved areas
• Inlay decoration achieved by filling the carved areas with white or black clay slips before glazing, resulting in intricate patterns and motifs
• Common inlay designs include floral patterns (chrysanthemums, lotuses), birds, clouds, and geometric shapes, often inspired by Buddhist and Taoist symbolism
• Sanggam technique requires high level of skill and precision, as the carved areas must be carefully filled and smoothed to ensure a seamless integration with the glaze

Advanced Kiln Technology

• Goryeo celadon production relied on advanced kiln technology, including the use of climbing kilns (gaemayeo) built on slopes to achieve consistent temperature and air circulation
• Kilns designed with multiple chambers and flues to control the flow of heat and gases, enabling the creation of the signature jade-green glaze
• Precise control over the firing atmosphere (reduction or oxidation) crucial to achieving the desired glaze color and texture
• Technological innovations in kiln construction and firing techniques contributed to the exceptional quality and consistency of Goryeo celadon

Goryeo Celadon Context

Historical and Cultural Background

• Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392 CE) marked a golden age in Korean art and culture, with celadon production reaching its zenith during this period
• Buddhist influence played a significant role in the development of Goryeo celadon, as many pieces were created for use in Buddhist rituals and as offerings to temples
• Goryeo celadon highly prized by the aristocracy and the royal court, serving as a symbol of wealth, power, and cultural refinement
• Celadon production declined towards the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, giving way to the emergence of buncheong ware, a new style of Korean ceramics

Artisans and Workshops

• Goryeo celadon artisans were highly skilled craftsmen who underwent extensive training in ceramic production techniques and artistic design
• Workshops often located near sources of raw materials (clay, wood for fuel) and in close proximity to the royal court and aristocratic patrons
• Knowledge and techniques passed down through generations of artisans, ensuring the continuity and evolution of Goryeo celadon tradition
• Collaboration between potters, glaze specialists, and kiln operators essential to the creation of high-quality celadon pieces, with each contributing their expertise to the final product