6.2 Cyclic Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry
2 min read•july 23, 2024
Cyclic and are powerful techniques for studying electrochemical reactions. These methods involve sweeping electrode potentials and measuring resulting currents, providing insights into redox processes, reaction kinetics, and analyte concentrations.
Voltammograms reveal crucial information about electrode reactions, including redox potentials and reversibility. By analyzing peak positions and shapes, researchers can determine formal potentials, electron transfer rates, and quantify electroactive species in various applications.
Cyclic Voltammetry and Linear Sweep Voltammetry
Cyclic vs linear sweep voltammetry
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(CV) sweeps potential back and forth between two limits creates a triangular potential waveform allows study of both oxidation and reduction processes (Fe^2+/Fe^3+ redox couple)
Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) sweeps potential in one direction only creates a linear potential waveform focuses on either oxidation or reduction process depending on sweep direction (anodic stripping of Pb)
Initial potential (Ei) swept to switching potential (Es) at constant rate (v)
At Es, sweep direction reverses potential swept back to Ei at same rate (100 mV/s)
Linear sweep voltammetry uses linear potential waveform
Potential swept from initial value (Ei) to final value (Ef) at constant rate (v)
Sweep direction can be anodic (oxidation) or cathodic (reduction) (50 mV/s)
Interpretation of cyclic voltammograms
Cyclic features anodic peak potential (Epa) and current (ipa) correspond to oxidation cathodic peak potential (Epc) and current (ipc) correspond to reduction (Fe^2+ oxidation, Fe^3+ reduction)
Determine redox potentials by estimating formal (E^0') as average of Epa and Epc: E^0' = (E_{pa} + E_{pc})/2 (0.5 V vs SCE)
Study electrode reaction mechanisms:
Reversible systems: ΔEp=Epa−Epc≈59/n mV at 25°C, n = number of electrons transferred (one-electron transfer)
Irreversible systems: ΔEp>59/n mV, increases with (slow electron transfer kinetics)
Quasi-reversible systems: peak separation depends on scan rate, lies between reversible and irreversible cases (intermediate kinetics)
Applications of voltammetry techniques
Qualitative analysis identifies presence of electroactive species based on characteristic peak potentials distinguishes different redox couples in a mixture (ascorbic acid and dopamine)
Quantitative analysis uses (ip) proportional to concentration of electroactive species
Randles-Sevcik equation for reversible systems at 25°C: ip=2.69×105n3/2AD1/2v1/2C
n: number of electrons transferred
A: electrode area (cm^2)
D: diffusion coefficient (cm^2/s)
v: scan rate (V/s)
C: concentration (mol/cm^3)
Construct calibration curves by plotting ip vs C for standard solutions (lead in water samples)