Voltammetry and polarography measure current responses to applied potentials, revealing crucial info about analytes in solution. These techniques use a three-electrode setup: working, reference, and counter electrodes, each playing a unique role in the electrochemical cell.
Interpreting voltammograms and polarograms is key to understanding electrochemical processes. The shape, peak currents, and potentials provide valuable data for qualitative and , helping identify analytes and determine their concentrations in solution.
Fundamentals of Voltammetry and Polarography
Principles of voltammetry and polarography
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Voltammetry and polarography are electroanalytical techniques that study the electrochemical behavior of analytes in solution by measuring the as a function of applied potential
Voltammetric cell consists of three electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution containing the analyte
: site of the electrochemical reaction of interest (glassy carbon, platinum, gold, or mercury)
: maintains a constant potential and serves as a reference point (Ag/AgCl or SCE)
: completes the electrical circuit and allows current to flow (platinum or graphite)
Potential is varied in a controlled manner, either linearly ( voltammetry) or in a stepwise fashion ()
Resulting current is measured and plotted against the applied potential to generate a voltammogram or polarogram, which provides information about the electrochemical processes occurring at the electrode surface
Electrodes in voltammetric cells
Working electrode: electrode at which the electrochemical reaction of interest takes place
Material choice depends on the analyte and the potential range of interest
Reference electrode: provides a stable and reproducible potential against which the potential of the working electrode is measured
Maintains a constant composition and potential throughout the experiment
Counter electrode: facilitates the flow of current through the cell
Made of an inert material to balance the charge transfer at the working electrode and maintain electroneutrality in the solution
Interpreting Voltammetric and Polarographic Data
Potential-current relationship in voltammetry
As the potential is scanned, the current response is recorded, generating a voltammogram
Voltammogram shape depends on the electrochemical processes occurring at the electrode surface
Faradaic current: results from the transfer of electrons during the or of the analyte
Capacitive current: arises from the charging of the electrical double layer at the electrode-solution interface
Peak current (ip) in a voltammogram is proportional to the concentration of the analyte in solution, as described by the :
ip=(2.69×105)n3/2AD1/2v1/2C
n: number of electrons transferred per molecule
A: electrode surface area
D: diffusion coefficient of the analyte
v: scan rate
C: analyte concentration
Potential at which the peak current occurs (peak potential, Ep) is characteristic of the analyte and provides information about its redox properties
Interpretation of voltammograms and polarograms
Voltammograms and polarograms can be used to identify and quantify analytes based on their characteristic peak potentials and currents
Qualitative analysis: comparing the peak potentials of unknown analytes to those of known standards to identify the species present
Quantitative analysis: using the peak current to determine the concentration of the analyte in solution
Construct a calibration curve by plotting peak current vs. concentration for a series of standard solutions
Measure the peak current of the unknown solution
Determine the unknown concentration by comparing its peak current to the calibration curve
Reversibility of the electrochemical reaction can be assessed by examining the separation between the anodic and cathodic peak potentials
Reversible systems: ΔEp=Epa−Epc≈59/n mV at 25℃
Irreversible systems: larger peak separation and broader peaks
Coupled chemical reactions, adsorption processes, or other complex mechanisms can be inferred from the shape and features of the voltammogram