The Green Revolution transformed agriculture with high-yielding crops, chemical fertilizers , and expanded irrigation. It boosted food production but also led to social inequalities , environmental issues, and dependence on external inputs . The impacts were far-reaching and complex.
Agricultural intensification in the 20th century saw the rise of agribusiness , monocultures , and mechanization . While increasing productivity, it raised concerns about sustainability, resource management , and environmental health. Balancing food security with ecological stewardship remains a key challenge.
The Green Revolution
Components of Green Revolution
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Development and widespread adoption of high-yielding crop varieties (HYVs)
Selectively bred to produce higher yields and be more responsive to fertilizers and irrigation
Examples: semi-dwarf wheat, rice varieties
Increased use of chemical fertilizers
Synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers applied to enhance crop growth and productivity
Expansion of irrigation infrastructure
Irrigation systems (canals, wells, sprinklers) provided crops with reliable water supply
Enabled cultivation in previously water-limited areas and allowed for multiple cropping seasons
Consequences of Green Revolution
Social and economic consequences:
Increased food production and improved food security in many regions
Higher crop yields helped feed growing populations and reduce hunger
Widening income disparities and social inequalities
Larger, wealthier farmers often benefited more than smallholder farmers
Increased landlessness and rural-to-urban migration as small farmers struggled to compete
Dependence on external inputs and technologies
Farmers became reliant on purchased seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides
Increased vulnerability to market fluctuations and debt
Environmental consequences:
Loss of biodiversity
Monocultures and replacement of traditional crop varieties with HYVs reduced genetic diversity
Habitat destruction and pesticide use negatively impacted non-target species
Soil degradation
Intensive cultivation and heavy use of chemical fertilizers contributed to erosion, nutrient depletion, and salinization
Water pollution and depletion
Runoff from fertilizers and pesticides contaminated water sources
Overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation led to falling water tables and aquifer depletion
Greenhouse gas emissions
Increased use of fossil fuel-based inputs and energy-intensive irrigation systems contributed to higher emissions from agriculture
Agricultural Intensification
Intensification of 20th century agriculture
Agribusiness:
Rise of large-scale, vertically integrated agricultural corporations
Involved in multiple stages of food supply chain (input production, processing, distribution)
Concentration of market power and influence over agricultural practices and policies
Monocultures:
Cultivation of a single crop species over large areas
Driven by economies of scale, specialization, and development of commodity markets
Increased vulnerability to pests, diseases, and market fluctuations
Lack of diversity reduces ecological resilience and increases need for chemical pest control
Mechanization:
Adoption of machinery and technologies to replace human and animal labor
Examples: tractors, harvesters, irrigation systems
Enabled cultivation of larger areas with fewer workers
Contributed to rural unemployment and consolidation of farmland
Increased fossil fuel dependence and greenhouse gas emissions
Sustainability of modern agriculture
Food security:
Modern agriculture has increased food production, but challenges remain
Unequal distribution of food and persistent hunger in some regions
Vulnerability to climate change, water scarcity, and soil degradation
Need for sustainable intensification and diversification of food systems
Improving productivity while minimizing environmental impacts
Promoting diversity of crops, including neglected and underutilized species
Resource management:
Unsustainable use of water, soil, and energy resources in modern agriculture
Depletion of aquifers, soil erosion, and fossil fuel dependence
Importance of sustainable resource management practices
Water-efficient irrigation techniques (drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting)
Soil conservation measures (cover cropping, crop rotation, reduced tillage)
Renewable energy sources and energy-efficient technologies
Environmental health:
Modern agriculture's negative impacts on biodiversity, water quality, and climate change
Habitat loss, pesticide use, nutrient pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions
Need for agroecological approaches and ecosystem-based management
Promoting biodiversity and ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes
Integrated pest management , agroforestry , and organic farming practices
Importance of sustainable food consumption patterns and waste reduction