The Odyssey introduces us to a cast of unforgettable characters. From the to his wife , each plays a crucial role in this epic tale of and .
Gods and mortals alike shape the story's events. 's , 's wrath, and the treacherous all present challenges for Odysseus to overcome on his long journey back to Ithaca.
Odysseus and His Family
Odysseus: The Cunning Hero
Top images from around the web for Odysseus: The Cunning Hero
The Enduring Stories of Homer’s Odyssey | Getty Iris View original
Is this image relevant?
The Enduring Stories of Homer’s Odyssey | Getty Iris View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 1
Top images from around the web for Odysseus: The Cunning Hero
The Enduring Stories of Homer’s Odyssey | Getty Iris View original
Is this image relevant?
The Enduring Stories of Homer’s Odyssey | Getty Iris View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 1
Odysseus, King of Ithaca, is the protagonist and hero of the epic
Known for his intelligence, resourcefulness, and cunning, which he demonstrates throughout his journey (outwitting the Cyclops, navigating the underworld)
Odysseus's goal is to return home to his family after the Trojan War, facing numerous challenges and obstacles along the way
His journey is not only physical but also a test of his character and loyalty to his family and kingdom
Penelope: The Faithful Wife
Penelope is Odysseus's wife, who remains loyal and faithful to him during his 20-year absence
She cleverly fends off the suitors who seek her hand in marriage, believing Odysseus to be dead (unweaving her tapestry each night)
Penelope's unwavering and intelligence are crucial to maintaining order in Ithaca and ultimately reuniting with Odysseus
Her character serves as a contrast to the unfaithful women encountered by Odysseus on his journey (, )
Telemachus: The Maturing Son
is Odysseus and Penelope's son, who grows from a boy to a young man during his father's absence
With guidance from Athena, Telemachus embarks on his own journey to find information about his father and assert his role as the prince of Ithaca
Throughout the epic, Telemachus develops courage, leadership skills, and the ability to stand up to the suitors
His maturation is essential for Odysseus's successful return and the restoration of order in Ithaca
Eurycleia: The Loyal Servant
is Odysseus's old nurse and a trusted servant in his household
She plays a significant role in recognizing Odysseus upon his return, despite his disguise as a beggar
Eurycleia's loyalty and discretion are demonstrated when she keeps Odysseus's identity secret until the appropriate time
Her character represents the importance of loyalty and the close bonds between the hero and his household
Gods and Goddesses
Athena: Divine Guidance and Protection
Athena, goddess of wisdom and war, is Odysseus's primary divine ally throughout his journey
She frequently intervenes on Odysseus's behalf, providing guidance, protection, and assistance in various forms (disguising him, inspiring him in battle)
Athena also guides and mentors Telemachus, helping him mature and preparing him for his father's return
Her support for Odysseus and Telemachus highlights the importance of divine favor and the gods' role in the hero's journey
Poseidon: The Unrelenting Adversary
Poseidon, god of the sea, harbors a deep grudge against Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops
He actively works to hinder Odysseus's progress, creating storms, shipwrecks, and other obstacles during his journey
Poseidon's anger and opposition serve as a constant reminder of the consequences of Odysseus's actions and the power of the gods
His role as an antagonist adds to the epic's tension and highlights the hero's resilience in the face of divine opposition
Calypso and Circe: Temptations and Delays
Calypso and Circe are two goddesses who temporarily detain Odysseus on his journey home
Calypso keeps Odysseus on her island for seven years, offering him immortality and her love, but ultimately must let him go on Zeus's orders
Circe, a powerful sorceress, transforms Odysseus's crew into pigs and keeps him on her island for a year before allowing him to continue his journey
Both goddesses represent the temptations and distractions that can hinder a hero's progress and test his resolve to return home
Antagonists and Obstacles
Polyphemus: The Monstrous Cyclops
Polyphemus is a man-eating Cyclops and the son of Poseidon, whom Odysseus encounters on his journey
Odysseus and his men become trapped in Polyphemus's cave, and Odysseus devises a plan to escape by blinding the Cyclops
This encounter showcases Odysseus's cunning and resourcefulness, but also leads to Poseidon's anger and the hardships Odysseus faces throughout his journey
Polyphemus represents the dangerous and monstrous obstacles that Odysseus must overcome to return home
The Suitors: Usurpers and Threats
The suitors are a group of noble men who seek Penelope's hand in marriage and vie for control of Ithaca in Odysseus's absence
They exploit Odysseus's household, consuming his wealth and disrespecting his family while pressuring Penelope to choose a new husband
The suitors' presence creates tension and a sense of urgency for Odysseus's return, as they pose a threat to his family and kingdom
Their ultimate defeat at the hands of Odysseus and Telemachus restores order and justice to Ithaca
Antinous and Eurymachus: The Leading Suitors
and are the two most prominent and arrogant among the suitors
Antinous is the most vocal and aggressive, often leading the suitors in their disrespectful behavior and plots against Telemachus
Eurymachus, while more diplomatic than Antinous, still actively participates in the suitors' exploits and seeks to marry Penelope
These two characters serve as the primary representatives of the suitors' villainy and the specific threats Odysseus must confront upon his return
Allies and Helpers
Eumaeus: The Loyal Swineherd
is a faithful servant and swineherd in Odysseus's household
He provides shelter and assistance to Odysseus when he returns to Ithaca in disguise, not recognizing his master but still showing kindness and loyalty
Eumaeus also aids Telemachus and plays a role in the defeat of the suitors
His character represents the enduring loyalty of Odysseus's servants and the importance of allies in the hero's journey
Telemachus: The Maturing Ally
In addition to being Odysseus's son, Telemachus becomes a vital ally in his father's return and the restoration of order in Ithaca
Having matured throughout the epic, Telemachus assists Odysseus in devising and executing the plan to confront the suitors
He demonstrates his loyalty, courage, and by standing alongside his father in the final battle
Telemachus's role as an ally highlights the importance of and the passing of heroic qualities from father to son
Athena: Divine Intervention and Strategy
Beyond providing guidance and protection, Athena serves as a strategic ally for Odysseus and Telemachus
She helps devise plans, such as Odysseus's disguise as a beggar and the removal of weapons from the great hall before confronting the suitors
Athena's and strategic assistance are crucial to Odysseus's success in reclaiming his household and kingdom
Her role as an ally emphasizes the significance of divine support and the interplay between mortal actions and divine influence in the epic