🧾Financial Accounting I Unit 12 – Current Liabilities

What Are Current Liabilities?

• Current liabilities represent obligations a company must pay within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer
• Consist of short-term debts and other financial obligations that are due in the near future
• Arise from normal business operations, such as purchasing goods and services on credit, borrowing money, or accruing expenses
• Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term loans, and accrued expenses (wages, taxes, interest)
• Classified as current because they are expected to be settled using current assets or by creating other current liabilities
• Play a crucial role in a company's liquidity and working capital management
• Failure to meet current liability obligations can lead to financial distress and potential bankruptcy

Types of Current Liabilities

• Accounts payable result from purchasing goods or services on credit from suppliers
  • Represents the amount owed to creditors for invoices not yet paid
  • Typically due within 30 to 90 days, depending on credit terms
• Short-term loans and notes payable are borrowings from banks or other lenders that must be repaid within one year
  • Used to finance working capital needs or short-term investments
  • Interest expense accrues over the life of the loan
• Accrued expenses are liabilities for which the company has received goods or services but has not yet paid or recorded the transaction
  • Examples include accrued wages, accrued interest, and accrued taxes
  • Matching principle requires expenses to be recorded in the period they are incurred, regardless of when cash is paid
• Unearned revenues represent payments received from customers for goods or services that have not yet been delivered
  • Recorded as a liability until the company fulfills its obligation to the customer
  • Examples include prepaid subscriptions, advance ticket sales, and customer deposits
• Current portion of long-term debt refers to the portion of long-term loans or bonds that is due within one year
  • Reclassified from long-term liabilities to current liabilities as the maturity date approaches
• Dividends payable are declared dividends that have not yet been paid to shareholders
  • Recorded as a current liability until the payment is made

Recognizing and Recording Current Liabilities

• Current liabilities are recognized when a company has a present obligation resulting from a past event
• Accounts payable are recorded when goods or services are received, and the supplier invoice is processed
  • Debit the appropriate expense or asset account and credit Accounts Payable
• Short-term loans are recorded when the company receives the borrowed funds
  • Debit Cash and credit Notes Payable or Short-Term Loans Payable
• Accrued expenses are recorded at the end of each accounting period for expenses incurred but not yet paid
  • Debit the appropriate expense account and credit the corresponding accrued liability account (Accrued Wages, Accrued Interest, etc.)
• Unearned revenues are recorded when cash is received before the company provides the goods or services
  • Debit Cash and credit Unearned Revenue
• Current portion of long-term debt is reclassified from long-term liabilities to current liabilities at the end of each accounting period
  • Debit Long-Term Debt and credit Current Portion of Long-Term Debt

Measuring and Valuing Current Liabilities

• Current liabilities are typically measured and valued at their face amount or the amount required to settle the obligation
• Accounts payable are valued at the invoice amount, which represents the cost of the goods or services purchased
• Short-term loans and notes payable are valued at the principal amount borrowed plus any accrued interest
  • Interest expense is calculated using the stated interest rate and the time period the loan is outstanding
• Accrued expenses are estimated based on the expected cost of the goods or services received
  • Accrued wages are calculated using employee pay rates and the number of hours worked
  • Accrued interest is determined using the interest rate and the time period since the last interest payment
• Unearned revenues are valued at the amount of cash received from customers for future goods or services
• Current portion of long-term debt is valued at the principal amount due within one year
• Dividends payable are recorded at the amount declared by the company's board of directors

Financial Statement Presentation

• Current liabilities are presented in the liabilities section of the balance sheet, typically listed in order of liquidity
• Accounts payable, short-term loans, accrued expenses, unearned revenues, and current portion of long-term debt are common line items
• Notes to the financial statements provide additional information about current liabilities
  • Disclose significant accounting policies related to current liabilities
  • Provide details on the terms and conditions of short-term loans and other borrowings
  • Explain the nature and timing of accrued expenses and unearned revenues
• Current liabilities are used to calculate key liquidity ratios, such as the current ratio and quick ratio
• Changes in current liabilities from one period to another can provide insights into a company's short-term financial management and liquidity risk

Impact on Working Capital and Liquidity

• Current liabilities are a key component of working capital, which is the difference between current assets and current liabilities
• An increase in current liabilities relative to current assets can lead to a decrease in working capital and liquidity
• Companies must manage their current liabilities effectively to ensure they have sufficient liquid assets to meet short-term obligations
• Delayed payment of accounts payable can strain relationships with suppliers and lead to less favorable credit terms
• Excessive short-term borrowing can result in high interest expenses and increased financial risk
• Unearned revenues can provide short-term liquidity but may create future performance obligations that strain resources

Key Ratios and Analysis

• Current ratio ($\frac{Current Assets}{Current Liabilities}$) measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations using current assets
  • A ratio greater than 1 indicates sufficient liquidity, while a ratio less than 1 suggests potential short-term financial difficulties
• Quick ratio ($\frac{Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable}{Current Liabilities}$) is a more conservative liquidity measure that excludes inventories
  • Provides a stricter assessment of a company's ability to meet current liabilities using the most liquid assets
• Accounts payable turnover ($\frac{Cost of Goods Sold}{Average Accounts Payable}$) measures how efficiently a company pays its suppliers
  • A higher turnover ratio indicates faster payment and better credit management
• Days payable outstanding ($\frac{365}{Accounts Payable Turnover}$) represents the average number of days it takes a company to pay its invoices
  • A longer DPO can suggest cash flow problems or intentional delay of payments to manage working capital

Real-World Applications and Examples

• Retailers often have high levels of accounts payable due to inventory purchases and may use extended payment terms to manage cash flow (Walmart, Target)
• Construction companies typically have substantial accrued expenses for project-related costs incurred but not yet invoiced (Bechtel, Fluor)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) companies often report significant unearned revenues for subscription payments received in advance (Salesforce, Adobe)
• Airlines and hotels commonly have unearned revenues related to advance bookings and reservations (Delta Air Lines, Marriott International)
• Seasonal businesses may rely on short-term loans to finance working capital needs during peak periods (landscaping services, holiday retailers)
• Manufacturers with long production cycles often carry higher levels of current liabilities due to extended payment terms with suppliers (Boeing, General Motors)