7.3 Splinting procedures for various body parts

Splinting is a crucial skill in first aid for musculoskeletal injuries. It involves immobilizing injured body parts to prevent further harm and promote healing. Different types of splints, from rigid to soft, are used depending on the injury and available materials.

Proper splint application requires careful padding, positioning, and monitoring of circulation. First responders must check for pulse, sensation, and movement before and after splinting. Regular reassessment ensures the splint isn't causing additional problems while supporting the injury.

Splint Types

Rigid and Soft Splints

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• Splints immobilize and support injured body parts to prevent further injury and promote healing
• Rigid splints consist of firm materials (cardboard, metal, plastic) that hold the injured area in a fixed position
• Soft splints use flexible materials (towels, blankets, pillows) to provide cushioning and support without complete immobilization
• Traction splints apply gentle pulling force to realign and stabilize fractures in long bones (femur)

Specialized Splints

• Anatomical splints utilize the patient's own body to support the injured area
  • Securing an injured arm to the chest wall
  • Taping injured fingers together for support
• Air splints are inflatable devices that provide circumferential pressure and support
  • Commonly used for ankle and wrist injuries
• Sam splints are compact, lightweight, and moldable aluminum splints
  • Can be bent and shaped to conform to various body parts
• Improvised splints are constructed from readily available materials in emergency situations
  • Branches, boards, rolled newspapers, or magazines can be used

Splint Application

Padding and Positioning

• Padding should be applied between the splint and skin to prevent pressure sores and increase comfort
  • Use soft materials like cotton, foam, or cloth
  • Pay extra attention to bony prominences (ankles, elbows)
• Position the injured body part in a neutral, anatomical alignment before splinting
  • Minimize movement of fracture ends to reduce pain and prevent further damage
• Splints should extend past the joints above and below the injury site for optimal immobilization

Circulation Monitoring

• Check circulation, sensation, and motor function (CSM) before and after splint application
  • Assess pulse distal to the injury to ensure adequate blood flow
  • Ask patient about numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation
  • Observe for movement of fingers or toes
• Loosen or adjust the splint if CSM is compromised
  • Impaired circulation can lead to tissue damage and complications
• Recheck CSM every 15-30 minutes and document findings to monitor for any changes
  • Prompt detection of circulation issues is crucial for preventing permanent damage