11.2 Atomic theory and Epicurean physics

Epicurean atomic theory proposes that everything is made of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms moving through empty space. This idea forms the basis for understanding reality in a purely physical way, without relying on supernatural explanations.

Epicurus built on earlier atomic theories but added the concept of the 'swerve' - a random deviation in atomic motion. This innovation allowed for free will and unpredictability in the universe, connecting Epicurean physics to ethics and how to live a good life.

Epicurean Atomic Theory

Epicurus' atomic theory

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• Epicurus proposed the universe consists of two fundamental elements: atoms (indivisible, eternal, indestructible particles) and void (empty space where atoms move)
• Atoms possess inherent properties such as shape, size, and weight
• Atoms constantly move through the void, and their collisions form compound bodies (objects we can perceive)
• Arrangement and motion of atoms give rise to perceptible qualities of objects (color, taste, smell)
• Universe is infinite, containing an infinite number of atoms and worlds (solar systems, galaxies)
• Epicurean atomic theory explains reality through a materialistic and mechanistic framework (everything can be explained by physical processes)

Epicurean vs pre-Socratic atomism

• Similarities between Epicurean and Democritean atomism:
  • Both propose indivisible atoms and void as fundamental elements
  • Atoms are eternal, indestructible, with inherent properties (shape, size)
  • Motion and interaction of atoms give rise to the perceptible world (objects we can see and touch)
• Differences between Epicurean and Democritean atomism:
  • Epicurus introduced the concept of 'swerve' (clinamen), allowing atoms to deviate from straight lines
  • Democritus believed in determinism (all events predetermined), while Epicurus argued for indeterminism due to the swerve
  • Epicurus emphasized atomic theory's role in supporting his ethical and psychological doctrines (how to live a good life)

Epicurean Physics and Its Implications

The 'swerve' in Epicurean physics

• 'Swerve' (clinamen) is a spontaneous, unpredictable deviation of atoms from their straight-line motion, occurring at no fixed place or time
• Swerve allows atoms to collide and form compound bodies (objects we can perceive)
• Implications for free will and determinism:
  1. Swerve introduces indeterminism into the universe (not all events are predetermined)
  2. Provides a physical basis for the possibility of free will (ability to make choices)
  3. Without the swerve, the universe would be entirely deterministic (all events predetermined by prior causes)

Physics and ethics in Epicureanism

• Epicurean physics serves as a foundation for the school's ethical and psychological doctrines (how to live a good life)
• Atomic theory supports the idea that the soul is material and mortal
  • Composed of fine atoms dispersed throughout the body
  • Upon death, soul atoms scatter, and the individual ceases to exist (no afterlife)
• Mortality of the soul argues against the fear of death (death is the end of sensation and should not be feared)
• Swerve provides a physical basis for the possibility of free will, necessary for moral responsibility and the pursuit of happiness (making choices to live a good life)
• Epicurean physics emphasizes understanding natural phenomena to dispel fears and anxieties (celestial events have natural causes, not the work of gods)