6.2 The development of colonial colleges

Colonial colleges laid the foundation for higher education in America. Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, and Princeton were established to train clergy and provide classical education. These prestigious institutions shaped the tradition of private, religious-affiliated colleges in the United States.

The curriculum focused on classical subjects, religious instruction, and moral character development. Students were primarily wealthy white males living under strict supervision. Despite rigid discipline, student misbehavior was common. These colleges produced influential leaders in politics, religion, and academia during colonial times.

Early Colonial Colleges

Establishment of Prestigious Institutions

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• Harvard College founded in 1636 as the first institution of higher learning in the colonies to train Puritan ministers
• William and Mary established in 1693 as the second oldest college in the colonies located in Williamsburg, Virginia
• Yale University founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School to provide a classical education for Congregational clergy in New Haven, Connecticut
• Princeton University established in 1746 as the College of New Jersey by the New Light Presbyterians to train ministers

Influence and Legacy

• These early colonial colleges set the foundation for higher education in America and became prestigious universities that still exist today
• Established the tradition of private, religious-affiliated colleges in the United States (Harvard, Yale, Princeton)
• Served as models for later colleges founded in the colonies and early republic period
• Produced notable alumni who became influential leaders in politics, religion, and academia during the colonial and revolutionary eras

Curriculum and Purpose

Classical Education Model

• Colonial colleges followed a classical curriculum based on the English university model which included study of Latin, Greek, rhetoric, logic, and ancient texts
• Emphasized a broad liberal arts education covering subjects such as philosophy, mathematics, science, and literature to provide well-rounded knowledge
• Students engaged in recitations, disputations, and oral examinations to demonstrate mastery of the classical canon

Religious and Moral Instruction

• The primary purpose of most early colonial colleges was ministerial training to educate and ordain clergy
• Instilled Puritan, Anglican, or Presbyterian religious doctrine and moral character as an essential part of the curriculum
• Viewed higher education as a means to preserve and transmit religious traditions to future generations
• Some colleges required students to attend chapel services, prayer meetings, and Bible study as part of their moral formation

Governance and Students

College Administration and Oversight

• Colonial colleges were established by charters granted by the British monarchy or colonial governments which outlined their governance structure and powers
• Governed by a board of trustees or overseers composed of clergy, civil authorities, and lay leaders who set policies and managed college affairs
• The college president served as the chief executive and was responsible for day-to-day operations, faculty appointments, and student discipline
• Faculty were typically ordained ministers who taught a wide range of subjects and lived on campus with students

Student Demographics and Campus Life

• Colonial college students primarily consisted of white males from wealthy, elite families who could afford the tuition and living expenses
• Some colleges had scholarships or work-study programs to support poorer students, but these were limited
• Students lived in dormitories under strict supervision and were subject to rigid schedules and codes of conduct
• Extracurricular activities were limited but included literary societies, debate clubs, and religious groups that provided social outlets
• Riots, rebellions, and pranks against faculty were common forms of student misbehavior and resistance to the strict discipline