11.2 Political changes and security challenges

Heisei Japan saw major political shifts, from electoral reforms to a stronger Prime Minister's office. The government streamlined bureaucracy, boosted local autonomy, and involved citizens in criminal trials. These changes reshaped Japan's political landscape and decision-making processes.

Article 9, which renounces war, faced reinterpretation and debate. The Self-Defense Forces expanded their roles, joining UN peacekeeping missions and disaster relief efforts. This evolution sparked discussions about Japan's military capabilities and international engagement.

Political Changes in Heisei Japan

Political reforms in Heisei Japan

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• Electoral system reform introduced single-seat constituencies and proportional representation transformed voting process
• Administrative reform reduced government ministries and agencies streamlined bureaucracy
• Decentralization transferred power from central to local governments increased regional autonomy
• Political party realignment collapsed 1955 System led to rise of new political parties (Democratic Party of Japan)
• Prime Minister's office strengthening increased authority in policymaking enhanced executive power
• Judicial reform introduced lay judge system (saiban-in) involved citizens in criminal trials
• Transparency initiatives implemented Information Disclosure Law improved government accountability

Article 9 and Self-Defense Forces

• Article 9 of Japanese Constitution renounces war prohibits maintaining armed forces
• SDF roles expanded to include UN peacekeeping operations and disaster relief missions (Haiti earthquake response)
• Article 9 reinterpreted to allow collective self-defense broadened military engagement
• Constitutional revision debate intensified arguments for and against amending Article 9
• International peacekeeping operations increased SDF deployments (Iraq, South Sudan)
• Military capabilities enhanced through acquisition of new defense equipment (F-35 fighter jets)
• Joint exercises with allies increased cooperation with US forces strengthened military readiness

Regional Security and Foreign Policy

Japan-US relations for regional security

• US-Japan Security Treaty revised and reaffirmed strengthened alliance
• Okinawa base relocation issue sparked controversy over Futenma Air Station
• Burden-sharing negotiations addressed host nation support for US forces
• Missile defense cooperation expanded joint development and deployment (Aegis Ashore system)
• Strategic dialogue enhanced through 2+2 meetings between foreign and defense ministers
• Economic partnership fluctuated with trade agreements and disputes (TPP negotiations)
• Regional security challenges focused on North Korea's nuclear program and China's military modernization

Nationalism's impact on Japanese policy

• Historical revisionism fueled textbook controversies and Yasukuni Shrine visit debates
• Territorial disputes intensified over Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands with China and Takeshima/Dokdo with South Korea
• Comfort women issue strained diplomatic relations with South Korea led to reparation agreements
• Constitutional revision debate pushed for more assertive military role challenged pacifist principles
• Economic nationalism protected domestic industries (agriculture sector)
• Cultural nationalism promoted traditional values influenced education policies
• Regional relationships strained ties with neighboring countries impacted diplomatic negotiations