2.3 The Second Opium War and the Treaty of Tianjin
2 min read•july 11, 2024
The Second Opium War escalated tensions between and Western powers. Britain and France used military force to expand their influence, leading to key battles and the destruction of the Old Summer Palace.
The , signed in 1858, had far-reaching consequences. It opened more ports, legalized opium trade, and granted foreigners greater access to China, further eroding Chinese sovereignty and setting the stage for future .
The Second Opium War
Causes of Second Opium War
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Growing tensions between China and Western powers after due to China's dissatisfaction with terms of Treaty of Nanjing and Western powers' desire for greater access to Chinese markets and influence
(1856) where Chinese officials boarded Chinese-owned ship registered in , arrested crew, and British claimed violation of Treaty of Nanjing, demanding apology which China refused, leading to outbreak of war
France joined Britain in war against China seeking to protect religious and commercial interests and using execution of French missionary as pretext for intervention
Military campaigns and battles
British and French forces attacked and captured Canton (Guangzhou) in 1857, establishing joint administration
(1858) where British and French attacked forts guarding Hai River approach to Beijing, initially repelled but fell to second assault
Battle of Baliqiao (1860) with British and French advancing towards Beijing and defeating Chinese forces
Destruction of Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in 1860 by British and French troops looting and burning imperial palace in retaliation for torture and execution of Allied prisoners
The Treaty of Tianjin
Treaty of Tianjin's impact
Signed in 1858 between China, Britain, France, Russia, and United States
Opened additional treaty ports to foreign trade and residence
Legalized opium trade
Granted freedom of movement for foreign missionaries in China's interior
Established fixed tariff on imports and exports
Required payment of war indemnities to Britain and France
Further eroded China's sovereignty and control over own affairs
Increased foreign presence and influence in China
Set stage for future unequal treaties and territorial concessions
Western powers' role
Britain and France played dominant role in Second Opium War, seeking to expand commercial and political interests in China and using military force to coerce China into accepting demands
Russia and United States participated in treaty negotiations to secure own economic and diplomatic interests in China, benefiting from concessions obtained by Britain and France without directly engaging in military action
Treaty of Tianjin imposed on China under duress with little room for negotiation, reflecting power imbalance between China and Western powers in mid-19th century