7.1 Abstract and non-narrative animation

Abstract and non-narrative animation push the boundaries of visual expression, eschewing traditional storytelling for pure form and emotion. These experimental styles use shapes, colors, and unconventional techniques to create unique visual experiences that challenge viewer perceptions and expectations.

Emerging from early 20th-century avant-garde movements, abstract and non-narrative animation have influenced mainstream media while continuing to evolve. Pioneers like Oskar Fischinger and Norman McLaren paved the way for modern digital artists to explore new frontiers in visual communication and artistic expression.

Abstract vs Non-Narrative Animation

Definitions and Key Characteristics

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• Abstract animation uses non-representational shapes, colors, and forms to create visual experiences without recognizable figures or narratives
• Non-narrative animation forgoes traditional storytelling structures, focusing on mood, atmosphere, or visual exploration rather than plot or character development
• Abstract animation employs geometric shapes, dynamic patterns, and manipulation of form, color, and movement to evoke emotions or ideas
• Non-narrative animation utilizes visual metaphors, stream-of-consciousness imagery, and non-linear sequences to create unique viewing experiences
• Both forms challenge conventional animation techniques and push boundaries of visual expression
• Emphasize medium's plasticity and potential for pure visual communication, divorced from representational or narrative constraints
• Incorporate elements of music visualization, synaesthesia, and experimental sound design to create multisensory experiences (visual music)

Techniques and Artistic Approaches

• Abstract animation often features:
  • Geometric shapes and patterns (circles, squares, triangles)
  • Dynamic movement and transformation of forms
  • Bold use of color and contrast
  • Rhythmic synchronization with music or sound
• Non-narrative animation techniques include:
  • Juxtaposition of unrelated images
  • Repetition and variation of visual motifs
  • Manipulation of time and space (reverse motion, time-lapse)
  • Integration of abstract and representational elements
• Both forms experiment with:
  • Direct-on-film animation (scratching, painting on celluloid)
  • Stop-motion animation with non-traditional materials (sand, paint)
  • Computer-generated imagery and algorithmic animation
  • Mixed media approaches combining various animation techniques

History of Abstract Animation

Early Developments and Avant-Garde Influences

• Emerged in early 20th century as part of broader avant-garde art movement
• Challenged traditional notions of representation and storytelling in film
• Expanded artistic possibilities of the medium, encouraging experimentation with new techniques and visual styles
• Contributed to development of visual music, creating direct correlation between animated imagery and musical compositions
• Influenced by modernist art movements (Cubism, Futurism, Abstract Expressionism)
• Early pioneers include:
  • Viking Eggeling ("Symphonie Diagonale", 1924)
  • Hans Richter ("Rhythmus 21", 1921)
  • Walter Ruttmann ("Lichtspiel Opus I", 1921)

Evolution and Impact on Animation Industry

• Non-narrative animation influenced evolution of music videos, experimental films, and interactive media
• Pushed boundaries of visual storytelling beyond conventional narrative structures
• Rise of computer animation in late 20th century provided new tools for creating abstract and non-narrative works
• Led to resurgence of interest in these forms, particularly in digital art and motion graphics
• Instrumental in exploring philosophical and perceptual aspects of motion, time, and space within animated medium
• Consistently challenged audience expectations and expanded definition of animation
• Influenced both mainstream and experimental animation practices, seen in:
  • Title sequences for films and television shows
  • Animated interludes in documentaries
  • Interactive art installations and projections

Key Artists and Works

Pioneers of Abstract Animation

• Oskar Fischinger created seminal works exploring relationship between music and abstract visuals:
  • "Optical Poem" (1938)
  • "Motion Painting No. 1" (1947)
• Norman McLaren produced abstract works pushing boundaries of hand-drawn and direct-on-film animation:
  • "Begone Dull Care" (1949)
  • "Synchromy" (1971)
• Len Lye experimented with direct film manipulation and kinetic sculptures:
  • "A Colour Box" (1935)
  • "Free Radicals" (1958)
• Mary Ellen Bute, early pioneer of electronic art, incorporated oscilloscope imagery:
  • "Rhythm in Light" (1934)
  • "Abstronic" (1952)

Innovators in Non-Narrative and Computer Animation

• John Whitney Sr., father of computer animation, explored potential of digital technology:
  • "Catalog" (1961)
  • "Arabesque" (1975)
• Robert Breer blended abstract and representational elements in non-narrative structures:
  • "Recreation" (1956)
  • "69" (1968)
• Stan Brakhage created influential hand-painted abstract films:
  • "Mothlight" (1963)
  • "The Dante Quartet" (1987)
• Contemporary artists continuing the tradition:
  • Mirai Mizue ("Wonder", 2014)
  • Max Hattler ("Sync", 2010)
  • Steven Woloshen ("1000 Plateaus", 2014)

Artistic Motivations for Abstraction

Exploration of Pure Form and Emotion

• Desire to explore pure form, color, and movement, free from constraints of representational art and traditional storytelling
• Draw inspiration from modernist art movements (Cubism, Futurism, Abstract Expressionism)
• Translate principles of static visual art into time-based media
• Create direct, emotional connection with viewer through non-representational imagery
• Explore concept of visual music and synaesthesia
• Aim to evoke specific emotions or mental states through abstract forms and movements (calmness, excitement, confusion)

Philosophical and Experimental Approaches

• Challenge linear perceptions of time and space, reflecting philosophical concepts:
  • Phenomenology
  • Nature of consciousness
  • Non-linear time
• Explore spiritual or metaphysical ideas, creating works transcending language and cultural barriers
• Reject narrative as critique of mainstream media and call for diverse, experimental approaches to visual communication
• Serve as platform for exploring materiality of medium itself:
  • Direct film manipulation (scratching, painting on celluloid)
  • Computer-generated imagery (algorithmic animation, generative art)
  • Other experimental techniques (sand animation, pin screen animation)
• Push boundaries of what constitutes animation, questioning relationship between creator, medium, and audience