🎟️History of Theatre II Unit 7 – Realism's Theatrical Origins

What's Realism All About?

• Realism emerged as a theatrical movement in the mid-19th century, aiming to depict life on stage as it was in reality
• Focused on portraying everyday people, situations, and conflicts in a truthful, accurate manner without idealization or exaggeration
• Rejected the artificiality and melodrama of earlier theatrical styles (Romanticism) in favor of more natural, believable performances
• Emphasized the importance of creating an illusion of reality on stage through detailed, authentic sets, costumes, and acting
• Sought to explore and critique social issues, moral dilemmas, and the human condition in a frank, uncompromising way
  • Addressed topics such as class inequality, gender roles, and the struggles of ordinary people (working-class characters)
• Drew inspiration from the scientific and philosophical ideas of the time, including determinism and the influence of environment on human behavior
• Aimed to provoke thought and discussion among audiences by presenting complex, multi-dimensional characters and situations without clear-cut solutions

Key Players in Realism's Rise

• Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright often considered the "father of realism" in theatre
  • Plays like "A Doll's House" (1879) and "Ghosts" (1881) challenged societal norms and conventions
• Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer known for his subtle, nuanced depictions of human relationships and emotions
  • Works include "The Seagull" (1896) and "Uncle Vanya" (1899)
• Émile Zola, French novelist and playwright who advocated for naturalism, an extreme form of realism that emphasized the role of heredity and environment in shaping human behavior
• André Antoine, French theatre director who founded the Théâtre Libre (Free Theatre) in Paris, which became a hub for experimental, realistic productions
• Constantin Stanislavski, Russian actor and director who developed a groundbreaking system of acting based on psychological realism and emotional truth
• George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright and critic who used realism to explore social and political issues in plays like "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (1893) and "Pygmalion" (1913)
• August Strindberg, Swedish playwright known for his intense, psychologically complex works that delved into the darker aspects of human nature, such as "Miss Julie" (1888) and "The Father" (1887)

Realism vs. Earlier Theatre Styles

• Realism rejected the heightened, stylized language and acting of earlier theatrical traditions (Romanticism, melodrama) in favor of more natural, conversational dialogue and understated performances
• Abandoned the use of stock characters and stereotypes, instead creating complex, psychologically nuanced characters with individual motivations and flaws
• Shifted focus from larger-than-life heroes and grand, historical themes to the struggles and conflicts of ordinary people in contemporary settings
• Emphasized the importance of creating a convincing illusion of reality on stage through detailed, historically accurate sets, costumes, and props
  • Earlier styles often used minimal, suggestive scenery and relied on the audience's imagination to fill in the gaps
• Dealt with social issues and moral dilemmas in a more direct, unflinching manner, rather than using allegory or symbolism to convey messages
• Challenged the idea of the "well-made play" with its tidy resolutions and clear-cut moral lessons, instead presenting open-ended, ambiguous situations that provoked thought and discussion
• Incorporated elements of scientific and philosophical thought (determinism, the influence of environment on behavior) into the depiction of characters and their circumstances

Hallmarks of Realistic Drama

• Emphasis on creating a convincing illusion of reality on stage through detailed, historically accurate sets, costumes, and props
• Use of natural, conversational dialogue that reflects the speech patterns and idioms of everyday life
• Complex, psychologically nuanced characters with individual motivations, flaws, and backstories
  • Characters often shaped by their environment, heredity, and social circumstances
• Exploration of contemporary social issues, moral dilemmas, and the human condition in a frank, uncompromising manner
  • Topics such as class inequality, gender roles, and the struggles of ordinary people (working-class characters)
• Avoidance of melodramatic plot twists, coincidences, and tidy resolutions in favor of more organic, open-ended storytelling
• Incorporation of elements of scientific and philosophical thought (determinism, the influence of environment on behavior) into the depiction of characters and their circumstances
• Use of a "fourth wall" convention, where characters do not acknowledge the presence of the audience and act as if they are in a real-world setting
• Emphasis on subtext and the unspoken thoughts and feelings of characters, conveyed through subtle acting techniques and staging

Famous Realist Plays and Playwrights

• "A Doll's House" (1879) by Henrik Ibsen
  • Explores issues of gender roles and individual freedom in the story of a woman who leaves her family to find herself
• "The Seagull" (1896) by Anton Chekhov
  • A complex, multi-layered exploration of love, art, and the human condition set in the Russian countryside
• "Miss Julie" (1888) by August Strindberg
  • A psychologically intense study of class, gender, and power in the relationship between an aristocratic woman and her father's valet
• "The Father" (1887) by August Strindberg
  • Examines the unraveling of a marriage and the psychological battle between a husband and wife
• "Ghosts" (1881) by Henrik Ibsen
  • Deals with the consequences of societal hypocrisy and the inherited impact of past sins on a family
• "The Lower Depths" (1902) by Maxim Gorky
  • Depicts the lives of a group of impoverished outcasts living in a shelter on the outskirts of society
• "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (1893) by George Bernard Shaw
  • A provocative exploration of prostitution, morality, and the economic realities faced by women in Victorian society
• "The Cherry Orchard" (1904) by Anton Chekhov
  • A bittersweet, tragicomic look at the decline of the Russian aristocracy and the changing social landscape of the early 20th century

Staging and Set Design in Realism

• Emphasis on creating a convincing illusion of reality through detailed, historically accurate sets that replicate real-world environments
  • Use of authentic period furniture, props, and decorations to establish a sense of time and place
• Incorporation of practical, functioning elements (working doors, windows, fireplaces) to enhance the sense of realism
• Use of a "box set" configuration, with three walls and an invisible "fourth wall" separating the actors from the audience
  • Creates the illusion that the audience is peering into a real room or space
• Careful attention to lighting design to simulate natural light sources (sunlight through windows, lamps, candles) and create a sense of atmosphere
• Use of sound effects to enhance the realistic ambiance (ticking clocks, street noises, birdsong)
• Placement of furniture and props in a naturalistic, asymmetrical manner to suggest the organic arrangement of a real-life setting
• Incorporation of visual details and clutter to reflect the personalities, social status, and lives of the characters inhabiting the space
• Seamless scene changes, often achieved through the use of a revolving stage or sliding panels, to maintain the illusion of reality

Realism's Impact on Acting Techniques

• Emphasis on creating psychologically nuanced, emotionally truthful performances that reflect the inner lives of characters
• Rejection of the stylized, declamatory acting style of earlier theatrical traditions in favor of a more natural, understated approach
• Development of the Stanislavski System, a groundbreaking method of acting that emphasized emotional truth, sense memory, and the "magic if"
  • Actors encouraged to draw upon their own experiences and emotions to create authentic, believable performances
• Use of subtext and the unspoken thoughts and feelings of characters, conveyed through subtle facial expressions, body language, and vocal inflections
• Incorporation of naturalistic movement and gestures that reflect the everyday behavior of real people
• Emphasis on listening and reacting to other actors in a genuine, spontaneous manner, rather than merely waiting for one's cue to speak
• Extensive rehearsal processes that involve deep character analysis, improvisation, and the exploration of character relationships and motivations
• Collaboration between actors and directors to create a cohesive, unified vision of the play and its characters
• Influence on the development of method acting in the United States, as popularized by teachers such as Lee Strasberg and Stella Adler

Legacy and Influence on Modern Theatre

• Realism's emphasis on authenticity, psychological depth, and social relevance has had a lasting impact on theatre, film, and television
• Many of the techniques and principles of realistic acting, staging, and playwriting are still widely used and taught today
• Realism's focus on exploring the human condition and addressing contemporary issues has inspired generations of playwrights to create socially engaged, thought-provoking works
• The Stanislavski System and its offshoots (method acting) have become the dominant approach to actor training in the Western world
• Realistic plays continue to be widely produced and adapted, with works by Ibsen, Chekhov, and Strindberg remaining staples of the theatrical canon
• Realism's influence can be seen in the development of related theatrical movements, such as naturalism, slice-of-life drama, and kitchen sink realism
• The emphasis on creating a convincing illusion of reality on stage has influenced the design and technical aspects of theatre production, from set design to lighting and sound
• Realism's legacy has extended beyond theatre to other media, including film and television, where realistic storytelling and acting techniques have become the norm
• While subsequent theatrical movements have challenged and subverted the principles of realism, its impact on the way we perceive and create theatre remains profound and enduring