Left and right derived functors measure how non-exact functors behave. They're built using projective or injective resolutions and taking homology . These tools help us understand functor behavior in complex algebraic structures.
Derived functors come in two flavors: left and right. Left derived functors use projective resolutions, while right derived functors use injective resolutions. They're key to studying important concepts like Ext and Tor in homological algebra.
Derived Functors
Constructing Derived Functors
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Left derived functor L F \mathbf{L}F L F constructed by applying functor F F F to a projective resolution of an object and taking homology
Measures the extent to which F F F fails to be exact when applied to the left
Independent of the choice of projective resolution up to natural isomorphism
Right derived functor R F \mathbf{R}F R F constructed by applying functor F F F to an injective resolution of an object and taking homology
Measures the extent to which F F F fails to be exact when applied to the right
Independent of the choice of injective resolution up to natural isomorphism
Types of Functors
Covariant functor F : C → D F: \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D} F : C → D preserves the direction of morphisms
For morphism f : A → B f: A \to B f : A → B in C \mathcal{C} C , F ( f ) : F ( A ) → F ( B ) F(f): F(A) \to F(B) F ( f ) : F ( A ) → F ( B ) in D \mathcal{D} D
Composes morphisms in the same order as the original category: F ( g ∘ f ) = F ( g ) ∘ F ( f ) F(g \circ f) = F(g) \circ F(f) F ( g ∘ f ) = F ( g ) ∘ F ( f )
Contravariant functor G : C → D G: \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D} G : C → D reverses the direction of morphisms
For morphism f : A → B f: A \to B f : A → B in C \mathcal{C} C , G ( f ) : G ( B ) → G ( A ) G(f): G(B) \to G(A) G ( f ) : G ( B ) → G ( A ) in D \mathcal{D} D
Composes morphisms in the opposite order of the original category: G ( g ∘ f ) = G ( f ) ∘ G ( g ) G(g \circ f) = G(f) \circ G(g) G ( g ∘ f ) = G ( f ) ∘ G ( g )
Examples include H o m ( − , A ) : C o p → S e t \mathrm{Hom}(-, A): \mathcal{C}^{\mathrm{op}} \to \mathbf{Set} Hom ( − , A ) : C op → Set and H o m ( A , − ) : C → S e t \mathrm{Hom}(A, -): \mathcal{C} \to \mathbf{Set} Hom ( A , − ) : C → Set
Specific Derived Functors
Ext and Tor Functors
Ext functor E x t R n ( A , B ) \mathrm{Ext}^n_R(A, B) Ext R n ( A , B ) is the n n n -th right derived functor of H o m R ( A , − ) \mathrm{Hom}_R(A, -) Hom R ( A , − )
Measures the failure of H o m R ( A , − ) \mathrm{Hom}_R(A, -) Hom R ( A , − ) to be exact
Can be computed using a projective resolution of A A A or an injective resolution of B B B
E x t R 0 ( A , B ) ≅ H o m R ( A , B ) \mathrm{Ext}^0_R(A, B) \cong \mathrm{Hom}_R(A, B) Ext R 0 ( A , B ) ≅ Hom R ( A , B ) and E x t R 1 ( A , B ) \mathrm{Ext}^1_R(A, B) Ext R 1 ( A , B ) classifies extensions of B B B by A A A
Tor functor T o r n R ( A , B ) \mathrm{Tor}_n^R(A, B) Tor n R ( A , B ) is the n n n -th left derived functor of − ⊗ R B - \otimes_R B − ⊗ R B
Measures the failure of − ⊗ R B - \otimes_R B − ⊗ R B to be exact
Can be computed using a projective resolution of either A A A or B B B
T o r 0 R ( A , B ) ≅ A ⊗ R B \mathrm{Tor}_0^R(A, B) \cong A \otimes_R B Tor 0 R ( A , B ) ≅ A ⊗ R B and T o r 1 R ( A , B ) \mathrm{Tor}_1^R(A, B) Tor 1 R ( A , B ) measures the abelian group of relations between A A A and B B B
Cohomology and Satellites
(Co)homology functors are derived functors in various settings
Singular cohomology is the right derived functor of the global sections functor on sheaves
Group cohomology is the right derived functor of the invariants functor on G G G -modules
Lie algebra cohomology is the right derived functor of the invariants functor on Lie modules
Satellite functors generalize the construction of derived functors
Include local cohomology functors and local homology functors
Defined using the language of triangulated categories and localization