Population genetics studies how genes behave in groups. It's all about tracking changes in allele frequencies over time. This topic dives into the Hardy-Weinberg principle , which sets a baseline for measuring genetic change in populations.
Factors like genetic drift , gene flow , and mutation can shake things up genetically. These forces drive evolution by altering allele frequencies in populations. Understanding these concepts helps explain how species adapt and change over time.
Genetic Composition of Populations
Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies
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Gene pool represents the total genetic diversity within a population
Consists of all alleles at all gene loci in a population
Allele frequency quantifies the proportion of a specific allele at a gene locus in a population
Calculated by dividing the number of copies of a specific allele by the total number of alleles at that locus in the population
Allele frequencies can change over time due to various evolutionary forces (mutation, natural selection , genetic drift, gene flow)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Principle
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population that is not evolving
Occurs when allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation
Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary influences
Assumes random mating , no mutation, no migration, no natural selection, and an infinitely large population size
Provides a baseline for measuring evolutionary change in a population
Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate that a population is evolving
Factors Affecting Allele Frequencies
Genetic Drift and Its Effects
Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies due to chance events
Occurs in small populations where sampling error can have a significant impact on allele frequencies
Bottleneck effect is a form of genetic drift that occurs when a population undergoes a drastic reduction in size (natural disasters, habitat destruction)
Leads to a loss of genetic diversity and can result in the fixation or loss of alleles
Founder effect is another form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population (colonization of a new habitat)
New population may have different allele frequencies compared to the original population
Gene Flow, Mutation, and Non-random Mating
Gene flow is the transfer of alleles between populations through migration or interbreeding
Can introduce new alleles into a population or change existing allele frequencies
Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can create new alleles or modify existing ones
Rare events but serve as the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations
Non-random mating occurs when individuals mate with others based on specific traits or preferences (assortative mating, inbreeding)
Can lead to changes in allele frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population