, like , have unique structures that set them apart from eukaryotes. Their genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm, and they have special features like and a tough . These structures help them survive and thrive in various environments.
Bacteria also have cool appendages like and . Pili help them stick to surfaces and share DNA, while flagella let them swim around. These features, along with their simple internal organization, make prokaryotes incredibly adaptable and successful organisms.
Genetic Material
Nucleoid Structure and Function
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consists of a single circular molecule of DNA not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
Houses the bacterial chromosome
Lacks histone proteins (eukaryotic chromosomes)
Condenses the DNA molecule to fit inside the cell
Controls cellular processes through gene expression and regulation
Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA
Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA separate from the main bacterial chromosome
Contain genes that provide additional functions or traits to the cell (antibiotic resistance)
Can be transferred between bacteria through processes like conjugation
Replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome
Utilized in genetic engineering and biotechnology to introduce foreign genes into bacteria
Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis Machinery
are small, spherical organelles composed of rRNA and proteins
Serve as the site of protein synthesis in the cell
Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotic ribosomes (80S)
Consist of two subunits: the small (30S) and large (50S) subunits
Translate mRNA into polypeptide chains using tRNA molecules and amino acids
Can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the cell membrane
Cell Envelope Structures
Cell Wall Composition and Function
Cell wall is a rigid structure surrounding the
Provides shape, support, and protection against osmotic stress
Composed of , a mesh-like polymer of sugar and amino acid chains
bacteria have a thick cell wall with many layers of peptidoglycan
bacteria have a thin cell wall with few layers of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
Maintains cell integrity and prevents cell lysis in hypotonic environments
Acts as a barrier against harmful substances and enzymes
Capsule: Protective Coating
is a thick, slimy layer of polysaccharides or proteins that surrounds the cell wall
Protects the cell from phagocytosis by host immune cells
Enhances bacterial adherence to surfaces and other cells
Contributes to , a community of bacteria encased in an extracellular matrix
Some capsules are virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
Cell Surface Appendages
Pili: Attachment and DNA Transfer
Pili are short, hair-like protein structures that extend from the cell surface
Facilitate bacterial attachment to host cells or surfaces
Sex pili (F pili) are specialized structures that allow for DNA transfer during conjugation
Donor cell extends a sex pilus to establish contact with a recipient cell
DNA is transferred from the donor to the recipient through the hollow sex pilus
Type IV pili are involved in twitching motility, a form of surface movement
Some pili act as receptors for bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Flagella: Bacterial Locomotion
Flagella are long, whip-like protein structures that protrude from the cell surface
Provide mobility and allow bacteria to swim towards attractants or away from repellents
Composed of three main parts: the filament, hook, and basal body
Filament is the long, helical portion that extends from the cell surface
Hook connects the filament to the basal body and acts as a flexible joint
Basal body is embedded in the cell membrane and cell wall, anchoring the flagellum
Rotate to generate propulsive force, enabling bacterial movement through liquid environments
Flagellar arrangement varies among bacterial species (monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous)