Cell division is crucial for life. and are two types of cell division with distinct purposes and outcomes. While mitosis produces identical cells for growth and repair, meiosis creates diverse for reproduction.
Understanding the differences between mitosis and meiosis is key to grasping how organisms grow, heal, and reproduce. These processes shape genetic inheritance and diversity, influencing evolution and adaptation in living things.
Cell Division Outcomes
Chromosome Number Changes
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Mitosis maintains the original chromosome number in the daughter cells, resulting in cells (2n)
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing cells (n)
This is necessary for sexual reproduction to maintain the species' chromosome number across generations
Haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) fuse during fertilization to restore the diploid chromosome number (2n)
Genetic Diversity Differences
Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells to the parent cell (clones)
Ensures genetic stability and consistent function in (body cells)
Meiosis generates genetic diversity among the resulting haploid cells
during I shuffles genetic material between
during I randomly distributes maternal and paternal chromosomes
Random fertilization of gametes further increases in offspring
Daughter Cell Characteristics
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
Each daughter cell is a clone of the parent cell (barring mutations)
Daughter cells have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells
Each daughter cell contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Daughter cells are not genetically identical to each other or the parent cell due to genetic
Cell Division Process
Number of Cell Divisions
Mitosis involves a single cell division
Interphase (G1, S, G2) followed by mitotic phase (PMAT) results in
Meiosis consists of two successive cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II)
Interphase (G1, S, G2) followed by meiosis I (PMAT) and meiosis II (PMAT) produces four daughter cells
Crossing Over Events
Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis
Homologous chromosomes pair up and form synapses
Non- exchange genetic material at chiasmata, creating new allele combinations
Crossing over does not occur during mitosis
Sister chromatids remain intact and do not exchange genetic material
Homologous Chromosome Pairing
Homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I of meiosis (synapsis)
One maternal and one paternal chromosome of the same type align closely
Pairing allows for crossing over and proper of homologs
Homologous pairing does not occur in mitosis
Chromosomes align independently at the metaphase plate
Sister chromatids separate during , but homologs do not pair
Cell Division Function
Growth and Repair through Mitosis
Mitosis is used for growth, development, and repair of tissues
Generates new cells to increase tissue size during growth (embryonic development)
Replaces damaged or lost cells to maintain tissue function (wound healing, skin regeneration)
Mitosis maintains genetic stability by producing identical daughter cells
Ensures consistent cellular function within tissues and organs
Reproduction through Meiosis
Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction
Produces haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells) for fertilization
Enables the formation of genetically diverse offspring
Meiosis introduces genetic variation through crossing over and random assortment
Contributes to adaptability and evolution of species
Allows for new combinations of traits in each generation