🗳️Honors US Government Unit 2 – The Legislative Branch

What's the Legislative Branch?

• One of the three branches of the US government alongside the executive and judicial branches
• Consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which together form the United States Congress
• Primary responsibility is creating and passing legislation (laws) at the federal level
• Represents the interests of the American people by ensuring their voices are heard in the lawmaking process
• Plays a crucial role in the system of checks and balances, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful
• Has the power to declare war, levy taxes, regulate commerce, and more (enumerated powers)
• Members are elected by the people, with Representatives serving 2-year terms and Senators serving 6-year terms
• Influences domestic and foreign policy through its legislative authority

Structure of Congress

• Bicameral legislature consisting of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate
• The House of Representatives:
  • 435 voting members, with the number of representatives per state determined by population
  • Members serve 2-year terms and are elected by their congressional districts
  • Initiates revenue (tax) bills and has the power to impeach federal officials
• The Senate:
  • 100 members, with two senators representing each state regardless of population
  • Senators serve 6-year terms, with one-third of the Senate up for election every two years
  • Ratifies treaties, confirms presidential appointments, and conducts trials for federal officials impeached by the House
• Congressional committees play a vital role in the legislative process, holding hearings, drafting bills, and conducting oversight
• Joint committees, such as the Joint Economic Committee, include members from both the House and Senate

Powers of Congress

• Enumerated powers are those specifically granted to Congress by the Constitution (Article I, Section 8)
• These powers include the authority to:
  • Lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises
  • Borrow money on the credit of the United States
  • Regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Native American tribes
  • Establish rules for naturalization and bankruptcy
  • Coin money and regulate its value
  • Establish post offices and roads
  • Promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting patents and copyrights
  • Declare war and raise and support armies and a navy
• Implied powers are derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18), allowing Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for executing its enumerated powers
• Congress also has the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch through congressional hearings and subpoenas

How a Bill Becomes a Law

• Introduction: A bill can be introduced in either the House or the Senate (except for revenue bills, which must originate in the House)
• Committee action: The bill is referred to the appropriate congressional committee for review, hearings, and amendments
• Floor action: If the committee approves the bill, it is sent to the floor of the respective chamber for debate and a vote
• Passage: The bill must pass both the House and the Senate in identical form before it can be sent to the President
  • If the two chambers pass different versions of the bill, a conference committee is formed to reconcile the differences
• Presidential action: The President has three options upon receiving a bill:
  • Sign the bill into law
  • Veto the bill and return it to Congress with objections
  • Take no action, in which case the bill becomes law after ten days (excluding Sundays) unless Congress adjourns within that time (pocket veto)
• Overriding a veto: If the President vetoes a bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both chambers

Key Players and Leadership

• Speaker of the House: Elected by the majority party, presides over the House, and is second in the line of succession for the presidency
• House Majority and Minority Leaders: Elected by their respective parties to set the legislative agenda and manage party affairs in the House
• Senate Majority and Minority Leaders: Elected by their respective parties to set the legislative agenda and manage party affairs in the Senate
• President Pro Tempore of the Senate: Elected by the Senate, presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President, and is third in the line of succession for the presidency
• Committee Chairs: Appointed by the majority party to lead congressional committees and oversee their legislative and investigative work
• Whips: Assist party leaders in managing their respective parties, counting votes, and ensuring party discipline
• Congressional staff: Includes personal staff, committee staff, and support staff who assist members of Congress in their legislative and constituent work

Checks and Balances

• The legislative branch checks the executive branch through:
  • The power to override presidential vetoes with a two-thirds majority in both chambers
  • The power to impeach and remove federal officials, including the President, for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors"
  • The Senate's authority to ratify treaties and confirm presidential appointments
  • The power to investigate and oversee executive branch activities through hearings and subpoenas
• The legislative branch checks the judicial branch through:
  • The power to create and abolish federal courts (except the Supreme Court)
  • The power to confirm or reject presidential nominations to the federal judiciary
  • The power to impeach and remove federal judges for misconduct
• The executive and judicial branches also have checks on the legislative branch:
  • The President can veto legislation passed by Congress
  • The Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional through the power of judicial review

Current Issues and Debates

• Partisan polarization and gridlock, making it difficult for Congress to pass legislation and address pressing issues
• The influence of money in politics, including the role of political action committees (PACs) and super PACs in campaign financing
• The balance between national security and civil liberties, particularly in the context of surveillance and data collection
• The scope and limits of executive power, especially in the areas of foreign policy, immigration, and the use of executive orders
• The confirmation process for Supreme Court justices and other federal judges, which has become increasingly contentious and politicized
• The role of Congress in addressing climate change, healthcare reform, and economic inequality
• The impact of gerrymandering and redistricting on congressional representation and electoral outcomes
• The need for congressional reform, including proposals to limit terms, change campaign finance laws, and improve transparency and accountability

Why It Matters to You

• The laws passed by Congress directly impact your daily life, from taxes and healthcare to education and civil rights
• Your elected representatives in Congress are responsible for advocating for your interests and addressing your concerns at the federal level
• Engaging with your representatives through voting, contacting their offices, and participating in the political process ensures that your voice is heard
• Understanding the legislative process and the powers of Congress enables you to be an informed and active citizen
• The decisions made by Congress have long-term consequences for the nation's economy, security, and social welfare, affecting both current and future generations
• The system of checks and balances ensures that no one branch of government becomes too powerful, protecting your rights and freedoms
• Staying informed about current issues and debates in Congress allows you to make educated decisions when voting and advocating for change