6.3 Key leaders and their roles in resistance movements

Native American leaders fought fiercely against colonial expansion and U.S. policies. From Metacomet's war in New England to Tecumseh's pan-Indian alliance, they united tribes to protect their lands and ways of life.

In the 19th century, leaders like Sitting Bull and Geronimo continued the struggle. They used guerrilla tactics and formed alliances to resist forced relocation and defend their territories against U.S. military forces.

Native American Resistance Leaders of the 17th-18th Centuries

Early Colonial Resistance Leaders

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• Metacomet (King Philip) led the Wampanoag Confederacy in King Philip's War (1675-1678) against English colonists in New England
  • Organized a coalition of Native American tribes to resist colonial expansion
  • Fought to preserve Native American lands and way of life
  • Conflict resulted in significant casualties on both sides and changed the balance of power in the region
• Pontiac, an Odawa war chief, orchestrated Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766) against British forces in the Great Lakes region
  • United multiple tribes in a widespread uprising following the French and Indian War
  • Sought to drive out British settlers and maintain French alliance
  • Siege of Fort Detroit became a pivotal moment in the conflict

Late 18th Century Resistance Leader

• Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, formed a pan-Indian alliance in the early 19th century
  • Advocated for Native American unity and resistance against U.S. expansion
  • Collaborated with his brother, Tenskwatawa (The Prophet), to promote cultural and spiritual revitalization
  • Fought alongside British forces during the War of 1812
  • His death in 1813 marked the end of organized Native resistance in the Old Northwest

Native American Resistance Leaders of the 19th Century

Early 19th Century Resistance Leaders

• Black Hawk, a Sauk leader, led the Black Hawk War (1832) in Illinois and Wisconsin
  • Resisted forced relocation from tribal lands
  • Conflict resulted in the defeat of Black Hawk's band and further loss of Native American territory
• Osceola emerged as a prominent leader during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) in Florida
  • Employed guerrilla warfare tactics against U.S. forces
  • Resisted forced relocation of Seminoles to Indian Territory
  • Captured under a flag of truce, which sparked controversy and debate about military ethics

Leaders of the Great Plains Resistance

• Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man, played a crucial role in resisting U.S. expansion into the Great Plains
  • Led the Lakota alliance during the Great Sioux War of 1876
  • Participated in the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn
  • Sought refuge in Canada before returning to the U.S. in 1881
  • Killed during an attempt to arrest him in 1890
• Crazy Horse, an Oglala Lakota war leader, fought alongside Sitting Bull in numerous conflicts
  • Known for his military prowess and strategic abilities
  • Played a significant role in the Battle of Little Bighorn
  • Surrendered in 1877 and was killed under controversial circumstances at Fort Robinson
• Red Cloud, an Oglala Lakota chief, led Red Cloud's War (1866-1868) against the U.S. government
  • Successfully forced the closure of the Bozeman Trail and the abandonment of forts in Lakota territory
  • Negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, securing the Black Hills for the Lakota
  • Later advocated for peaceful negotiations with the U.S. government

Southwestern Resistance Leader

• Geronimo, an Apache leader, resisted Mexican and American expansion in the Southwest
  • Led numerous raids and military campaigns against Mexican and American forces
  • Evaded capture for many years, becoming a symbol of Native American resistance
  • Surrendered in 1886, marking the end of the Apache Wars

Pacific Northwest Resistance Leader

• Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce led his people in a 1,170-mile retreat from U.S. Army forces in 1877
  • Attempted to lead his people to Canada to avoid forced relocation
  • Skillfully outmaneuvered pursuing U.S. troops for over three months
  • Surrendered with his famous speech: "I will fight no more forever"
  • Became an eloquent spokesperson for Native American rights in his later years