Solutions are mixtures where one substance dissolves in another. Concentration tells us how much solute is in a solution. We'll learn about different ways to measure concentration, like molarity and molality , and how to calculate them.
Moles help us count particles in substances. We'll explore how to use moles in solutions, make stock solutions, and dilute them. These skills are crucial for working with solutions in chemistry and beyond.
Measuring Concentration
Understanding Concentration and Molarity
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Concentration measures the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution
Molarity (M) expresses concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution
Calculate molarity using the formula M = moles of solute liters of solution M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}} M = liters of solution moles of solute
Molarity applies to solutions where volume changes with temperature
Use molarity for reactions occurring at constant temperature
Exploring Molal Concentration and Parts per Million
Molal concentration (m) represents moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
Calculate molality using the formula m = moles of solute kilograms of solvent m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kilograms of solvent}} m = kilograms of solvent moles of solute
Molality remains constant regardless of temperature changes
Parts per million (ppm ) expresses very dilute concentrations
Calculate ppm using the formula ppm = mass of solute mass of solution × 1 0 6 \text{ppm} = \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{mass of solution}} \times 10^6 ppm = mass of solution mass of solute × 1 0 6
Use ppm for trace amounts of substances (water contaminants)
Moles and Solutions
Understanding Moles and Stock Solutions
Mole represents 6.022 × 10^23 particles of a substance (Avogadro's number )
Use moles to relate the number of particles to the mass of a substance
Calculate the number of moles using the formula number of moles = mass of substance molar mass \text{number of moles} = \frac{\text{mass of substance}}{\text{molar mass}} number of moles = molar mass mass of substance
Stock solutions consist of concentrated solutions used to prepare more dilute solutions
Prepare stock solutions by dissolving a known amount of solute in a specific volume of solvent
Store stock solutions for future use in making working solutions
Dilution Techniques and Calculations
Dilution involves adding solvent to a solution to decrease its concentration
Use the dilution equation M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 M_1V_1 = M_2V_2 M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 to calculate concentrations after dilution
M₁ and V₁ represent the initial concentration and volume
M₂ and V₂ represent the final concentration and volume
Perform serial dilutions to create a series of solutions with decreasing concentrations
Calculate the dilution factor using the formula Dilution Factor = Final Volume Initial Volume \text{Dilution Factor} = \frac{\text{Final Volume}}{\text{Initial Volume}} Dilution Factor = Initial Volume Final Volume