is our body's , acting fast to protect us from invaders. It's like a security system that's always on, using , chemicals, and special cells to keep us safe.
Our and are like fortress walls, while stomach acid and act as chemical weapons. When trouble strikes, kicks in, calling for backup and starting the healing process.
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Characteristics of innate immunity
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Innate immunity forms first line of defense against pathogens present from birth providing non-specific response to invaders
Key characteristics include rapid response within minutes to hours no immunological memory and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms across species
Physical barriers include skin with stratified squamous epithelium and keratin layer mucous membranes lining respiratory gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and cilia in respiratory tract trapping particles
Chemical barriers comprise low pH and antimicrobial sebum on skin surface mucus trapping pathogens and containing antimicrobial proteins stomach acid (HCl) enzymes like lysozyme in tears and saliva pepsin in stomach and antimicrobial peptides (, )
Role of inflammation in immunity
Inflammation triggered by tissue damage or pathogen detection characterized by cardinal signs (redness, heat, swelling, pain)
involve vasodilation increased blood flow and vascular permeability
Cellular responses include and
released and
Functions encompass pathogen containment tissue repair initiation and adaptive immune system activation
Complement system in innate defense
Complement system network of plasma proteins activated in cascade manner through classical alternative or lectin pathways
Functions include of pathogens of immune cells and formation of (MAC)
Key complement proteins and play crucial roles in cascade
Regulation by prevents host tissue damage
Complement deficiencies lead to increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus)