blends elements of and monopoly. It features many firms selling similar but differentiated products, giving them some pricing power. This market structure is common in industries like restaurants, clothing, and personal care products.
Firms in monopolistic competition compete through and non-price strategies. They can set prices above marginal cost, but easy market entry limits long-term profits. This creates a dynamic market with constant innovation and marketing efforts to attract customers.
Monopolistic Competition Features
Market Structure and Firm Behavior
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Large number of firms compete in the same industry or market
Firms produce differentiated products (close substitutes but not perfect substitutes)
Some degree of allows firms to set prices above marginal cost
Low barriers to entry and exit enable firms to enter or leave the industry relatively easily
strategies attract customers (, product features)
Long-run economic profits tend towards zero due to ease of entry and exit
Product Differentiation Examples
Physical attributes differentiate products (smartphone features, car designs)
Branding creates unique identities (Nike vs Adidas, Coca-Cola vs Pepsi)
Customer service quality varies between firms (Nordstrom vs other department stores)
Location differentiates similar businesses (local coffee shops in different neighborhoods)
Perceived quality influences consumer choices (luxury vs budget hotel chains)
Monopolistic Competition vs Perfect Competition and Monopoly
Demand and Market Power
Downward-sloping demand curves in monopolistic competition give firms price-setting ability
Product differentiation in monopolistic competition contrasts with homogeneous products in perfect competition
Many firms compete in monopolistic competition, unlike single dominant firm in monopoly
Monopolistically competitive firms have moderate market power (less than monopoly, more than perfect competition)
Efficiency and Profit Dynamics
Long-run profits tend towards zero in monopolistic competition and perfect competition
Monopolistic competition exhibits allocative and productive inefficiencies (similar to monopoly, unlike perfect competition)
Non-price competition strategies emphasized in monopolistic competition (absent in perfect competition and monopoly)
Market Structure Comparison
Number of firms: Many in monopolistic competition and perfect competition, one in monopoly
Product differentiation: Present in monopolistic competition, absent in perfect competition and monopoly
Barriers to entry: Low in monopolistic competition and perfect competition, high in monopoly
Price-setting ability: Moderate in monopolistic competition, none in perfect competition, high in monopoly
Product Differentiation in Monopolistic Competition