8.1 Introduction to International Humanitarian Law
3 min read•july 31, 2024
(IHL) sets rules for armed conflicts, protecting and . It's based on key principles like , , and . IHL applies to all parties in conflicts, regulating warfare methods and establishing enforcement mechanisms.
IHL has ancient roots but was formalized in the 19th century. The of 1949 and of 1977 are its core. IHL continues to evolve, addressing new challenges like cyber warfare and autonomous weapons.
International Humanitarian Law
Core Principles and Definition
Top images from around the web for Core Principles and Definition
Alessandro Bacci's Middle East: Nuclear Arms and International Humanitarian Law View original
Is this image relevant?
Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations View original
Is this image relevant?
Alessandro Bacci's Middle East: Nuclear Arms and International Humanitarian Law View original
Is this image relevant?
Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 2
Top images from around the web for Core Principles and Definition
Alessandro Bacci's Middle East: Nuclear Arms and International Humanitarian Law View original
Is this image relevant?
Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations View original
Is this image relevant?
Alessandro Bacci's Middle East: Nuclear Arms and International Humanitarian Law View original
Is this image relevant?
Convergence and Conflicts of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in Military Operations View original
Is this image relevant?
1 of 2
International humanitarian law (IHL) limits effects of armed conflict on civilians and combatants for humanitarian reasons
Principle of distinction requires parties to differentiate between civilians and combatants (military uniforms, clearly marked facilities)
Proportionality prohibits excessive civilian casualties relative to military advantage (avoiding bombing densely populated areas)
permits only actions for legitimate military purposes (destroying enemy weapons cache)
Humanity forbids unnecessary suffering or destruction (banning certain weapons like chemical agents)
requires measures to minimize civilian casualties (advance warnings of attacks)
Application and Scope
Applies to all parties in armed conflicts regardless of who initiated hostilities
Covers protection of persons not participating in hostilities (medical personnel, aid workers)
Regulates means and methods of warfare (prohibiting certain weapons, tactics)
Establishes mechanisms for implementation and enforcement ( tribunals)
Interacts with other bodies of law (human rights law, international criminal law)
History of International Humanitarian Law
Ancient and Early Modern Foundations
Roots in ancient civilizations and religions regulated warfare (Greek city-states, Islamic rules of war)
19th century saw establishment of in 1863
First Geneva Convention of 1864 focused on protecting wounded soldiers on battlefield
of 1899 and 1907 developed rules on conduct of hostilities (aerial bombardment, naval warfare)
Modern Development and Codification
Four Geneva Conventions of 1949 expanded protection for wounded, prisoners, civilians
Additional Protocols of 1977 addressed international and non-international conflicts
Recent developments ban specific weapons (landmines, cluster munitions)
New challenges addressed include cyber warfare and autonomous weapon systems
International criminal tribunals further developed IHL through case law (ICTY, ICC)
Sources of International Humanitarian Law
Primary Treaty Sources
Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols form core of IHL
Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 regulate means and methods of warfare
Specific weapons treaties prohibit or restrict use (Chemical Weapons Convention)
defines war crimes
Customary Law and Other Sources
derived from consistent state practice and opinio juris
Judicial decisions from international courts interpret and develop IHL (ICJ, ICTY)
Military manuals and official state statements evidence customary law
Soft law instruments influence development (UN resolutions, ICRC guidelines)
Academic writings and expert opinions contribute to interpretation
International vs Non-International Armed Conflicts
Defining Characteristics
(IACs) occur between states
(NIACs) involve at least one non-state armed group
IAC threshold low, any use of armed force between states sufficient
NIAC requires higher threshold of violence and organization of non-state group
Occupation rules apply only in IACs (Israel's occupation of West Bank)
Applicable Law and Status of Parties
Full body of IHL applies to IACs, limited set for NIACs
of Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II primary NIAC sources
Equality of belligerents in IACs grants equal rights and obligations
Legal status of non-state armed groups in NIACs remains controversial
Combatant status and POW protections exist in IACs but not NIACs
Detained fighters in NIACs subject to domestic criminal law